Apparatus for peripheral or spinal stimulation

ABSTRACT

Provided herein are methods of treating a patient comprising providing a medical apparatus comprising an external system and an implantable system, implanting the implantable system, and delivering at least one of power or data to the implantable system with the external system. The external system comprises: at least one external antenna configured to transmit a first transmission signal to the implantable system; an external transmitter configured to drive the at least one external antenna; an external power supply; and an external controller. The implantable system comprises: at least one implantable antenna configured to receive the first transmission signal from the first external device; an implantable receiver; at least one implantable functional element configured to interface with the patient; an implantable controller; an implantable energy storage assembly; and an implantable housing surrounding at least the implantable controller and the implantable receiver. Medical apparatus are also provided.

CROSS-REFERENCE

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.16/993,999, filed Aug. 14, 2020, now U.S. Pat. No. ______; which is acontinuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/916,023, filed Mar.8, 2018, now U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10,898,719; which is acontinuation of PCT Application No. PCT/US2016/051177, filed on Sep. 9,2016; which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No.62/217,356, filed on Sep. 11, 2015; the contents of which areincorporated herein by reference in their entirety for all purposes.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is related to International PCT Patent ApplicationSerial Number PCT/US2014/043023, titled “Method and Apparatus forMinimally Invasive Implantable Modulators”, filed Jun. 18, 2014;International PCT Patent Application Serial Number PCT/US2015/002080,titled “Method and Apparatus for Versatile Minimally InvasiveNeuromodulators”, filed Mar. 16, 2015; U.S. Provisional PatentApplication Ser. No. 62/015,392, titled “Method and Apparatus forNeuromodulation Treatments of Pain and other Conditions”, filed Jun. 21,2014; U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/530,085, titled“Method and Apparatus for Operation with Minimally InvasiveNeuromodulators”, filed Sep. 19, 2014; and U.S. Provisional PatentApplication Ser. No. 62/077,181, titled “Method and Apparatus forImplantable Neuromodulation Systems”, filed Nov. 8, 2014; U.S.Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/112,858, titled “MedicalApparatus including an Implantable System and an External System”, filedFeb. 6, 2015; the content of each of which is incorporated herein byreference in its entirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates generally to medical apparatus for apatient, and in particular, apparatus that include portions implanted ina patient and portions external to the patient where power and/or datais transmitted to an implanted portion from an external portion.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Implantable devices that treat a patient and/or record patient data areknown. For example, implants that deliver energy such as electricalenergy, or deliver agents such as pharmaceutical agents are commerciallyavailable. Implantable electrical stimulators can be used to pace ordefibrillate the heart, as well as modulate nerve tissue (e.g. to treatpain). Most implants are relatively large devices with batteries andlong conduits, such as implantable leads configured to deliverelectrical energy or implantable tubes (i.e. catheters) to deliver anagent. These implants require a fairly invasive implantation procedure,and periodic battery replacement, which requires additional surgery. Thelarge sizes of these devices and their high costs have prevented theiruse in a variety of applications.

Nerve stimulation treatments have shown increasing promise recently,showing potential in the treatment of many chronic diseases includingdrug-resistant hypertension, motility disorders in the intestinalsystem, metabolic disorders arising from diabetes and obesity, and bothchronic and acute pain conditions among others. Many of theseimplantable device configurations have not been developed effectivelybecause of the lack of miniaturization and power efficiency, in additionto other limitations.

There is a need for apparatus, systems, devices and methods that provideone or more implantable devices and are designed for simplicity ofimplantation and use, as well as enhanced flexibility and capability intreating patients and/or recording patient data.

SUMMARY

Described herein are apparatus, systems, devices and methods fortreating patient and/or recording patient data. According to one aspectof the present inventive concepts, A medical apparatus comprises anexternal system configured to transmit one or more transmission signals,each transmission signal comprising at least power or data; and animplantable system configured to receive the one or more transmissionsignals from the external system. The external system comprises a firstexternal device comprising: at least one external antenna configured totransmit a first transmission signal to the implantable system, thefirst transmission signal comprising at least power or data; an externaltransmitter configured to drive the at least one external antenna; anexternal power supply configured to provide power to at least theexternal transmitter; and an external controller configured to controlthe external transmitter. The implantable system comprises a firstimplantable device comprising: at least one implantable antennaconfigured to receive the first transmission signal from the firstexternal device; an implantable receiver configured to receive the firsttransmission signal from the at least one implantable antenna; at leastone implantable functional element configured to interface with thepatient; an implantable controller configured to control the at leastone implantable functional element; an implantable energy storageassembly configured to provide power to an element selected from thegroup consisting of: the at least one implantable functional element;the implantable controller; the implantable receiver; and combinationsthereof; and an implantable housing surrounding at least the implantablecontroller and the implantable receiver.

According to one aspect of the inventive concepts, a method of treatinga patient comprises providing a medical apparatus, such as a medicalapparatus comprising an external system and an implantable system asdescribed herein. The method can comprise implanting a first implantabledevice in the patient; and delivering at least one of power or data tothe first implantable device with a first external device.

In some embodiments, the medical apparatus is configured to stimulatetissue of the peripheral nervous system.

In some embodiments, the medical apparatus is configured to stimulatetissue with at least a magnetic field.

In some embodiments, the medical apparatus is configured to stimulatetissue to treat at least one of neuropathy, neuralgia or overactivebladder.

In some embodiments, the medical apparatus is configured to stimulatetissue to treat occipital neuralgia.

In some embodiments, the medical apparatus is configured to stimulatetissue to treat post-herpetic neuralgia.

In some embodiments, the medical apparatus is configured to stimulatetissue to treat diabetic neuropathy.

In some embodiments, the medical apparatus is configured to stimulatetissue to treat complex regional pain syndrome.

In some embodiments, the medical apparatus is configured to stimulatetissue to treat pain related to at least one of hernia or hernia repair.

In some embodiments, the medical apparatus is configured to stimulatetissue to treat post-amputation pain.

In some embodiments, the medical apparatus is configured to stimulatetissue to treat overactive bladder.

In some embodiments, the medical apparatus is configured to stimulatetissue to treat fecal incontinence.

In some embodiments, the medical apparatus is configured to stimulatetissue to treat pelvic pain.

In some embodiments, the medical apparatus is configured to stimulatetissue to treat subcutaneous pain.

In some embodiments, the medical apparatus is configured to stimulatetissue to treat visceral pain.

In some embodiments, the medical apparatus is configured to stimulatetissue to treat at least one of peripheral vascular disease, diabeticneuropathy or other diabetic condition.

In some embodiments, the medical apparatus is configured to stimulatetissue to treat at least one of occipital pain or headache pain.

In some embodiments, the medical apparatus is configured to stimulatetissue to treat at least one of bladder dysfunction or boweldysfunction.

In some embodiments, the medical apparatus is configured to stimulatethe nervous tissue associated with the multifidus muscle to rehabilitatefunction of the multifidus muscle and/or improve spinal stability.

In some embodiments, the medical apparatus is configured totransvascularly stimulate tissue.

In some embodiments, the method comprises stimulating tissue of thecentral nervous system.

In some embodiments, the medical apparatus is configured to deliverstimulation energy to tissue, and wherein the stimulation energy isselected from the group consisting of: electrical energy; magneticenergy; electromagnetic energy; light energy; infrared light energy;visible light energy; ultraviolet light energy; mechanical energy;thermal energy; heat energy; cryogenic energy; sound energy; ultrasonicsound energy; high intensity focused ultrasound energy; low intensityfocused ultrasound energy; subsonic sound energy; chemical energy; andcombinations thereof.

In some embodiments, the medical apparatus is configured to perform afunction selected from the group consisting of: deliver electric energy;deliver controlled electrical current and/or voltage to tissue; delivermagnetic energy; deliver magnetic field energy; deliver controlledcurrent or voltage to a coil or other magnetic field generating elementpositioned proximate tissue; deliver electromagnetic energy; deliverboth current to tissue and a magnetic field to tissue; and combinationsthereof.

In some embodiments, the method comprises stimulating at least one setof multifidus muscle fascicles.

In some embodiments, the method comprises stimulating at least threesets of multifidus muscle fascicles.

In some embodiments, the method comprises stimulating tissue selectedfrom the group consisting of: one or more muscle motor points and/or thedeep fibers of lumbar multifidus; quadratus lumborum; the erectorspinae; psoas major; transverse abdominis; connective tissue such as theannulus or facet capsule; ligaments coupling bony structures of thespine; and combinations thereof.

In some embodiments, the method comprises stimulating tissue selectedfrom the group consisting of: multifidus tissue; transverse abdominustissue; quadratus lumborum tissue; psoas major tissue; internusabdominus tissue; obliquus externus abdominus tissue; erector spinaetissue; and combinations thereof.

In some embodiments, wherein the method is configured to at least one ofdepolarize, hyperpolarize or block innervated sections of the muscle toperform a function selected from the group consisting of: propagate anactivating stimulus along nerve fibers recruiting muscle tissue remotefrom the site of stimulation; propagate an inhibiting stimulus along thenerve fibers recruiting muscle tissue remote from the site ofstimulation; modulate nerve activity; inhibit nerve conduction; improvenerve conduction; improve muscle activity; and combinations thereof.

In some embodiments, the method comprises stimulating tissue selectedfrom the group consisting of: dorsal ramus nerve; medial branch ofdorsal ramus nerve; nervous tissue associated with multifidus muscle;and combinations thereof.

In some embodiments, the method comprises delivering stimulation energyto contract the multifidus muscle.

In some embodiments, the method comprises stimulating tissue byproviding episodic electrical stimulation.

In some embodiments, the medical apparatus further comprises a toolconfigured to diagnose a defect in at least one of a spinal muscle orthe motor control system.

In some embodiments, the medical apparatus further comprises a toolconfigured to test function of the multifidus muscle. The tool cancomprise a tool selected from the group consisting of: MRI; ultrasoundimager; electromyogram; tissue biopsy device; a device configured totest displacement as a function of load for a spine; and combinationsthereof.

In some embodiments, the medical apparatus is configured to deliver highfrequency energy comprising electrical energy at or above 1 kHz, and themethod can comprise providing paresthesia-enhanced pain management. Themedical apparatus can be further configured to provide low frequencyelectrical energy at a frequency at or below 1 kHz. The method cancomprise delivering the low frequency electrical energy during atrialing procedure.

In some embodiments, the medical apparatus is configured to provideparesthesia during a trialing procedure.

In some embodiments, the medical apparatus is configured to deliver lowfrequency stimulation energy to stimulate motor nerve tissue. Themedical apparatus can be further configured to deliver high frequencystimulation to treat pain.

In some embodiments, the method is configured to treat a disease ordisorder selected from the group consisting of: neuropathy; neuralgia;overactive bladder; and combinations thereof. The method can comprisedelivering stimulation energy to tissue of at least one of the centralnervous system or the peripheral nervous system.

In some embodiments, the method is configured to treat neuralgia. Themethod can be configured to treat neuralgia resulting from at least oneof: surgery; trauma or phantom pain. The neuralgia can compriseneuralgia resulting from groin surgery, and the at least one implantablefunctional element can be positioned to stimulate nerve tissue selectedfrom the group consisting of: ilioinguinal; genitofemoral;iliohypogastric; and combinations thereof. The neuralgia can compriseneuralgia resulting from shoulder surgery, and the at least oneimplantable functional element can be positioned to stimulate axialnerve tissue. The first implantable device can comprise a leadcomprising the at least one implantable functional element, and the leadcan be implanted in a suprascapular location. The neuralgia can compriseneuralgia resulting from lung surgery, and the at least one implantablefunctional element can be positioned to stimulate intercostal nervetissue. The neuralgia can comprise neuralgia associated with carpaltunnel syndrome, and the at least one implantable functional element canbe positioned to stimulate median nerve tissue. The neuralgia cancomprise neuralgia associated with temporomandibular joint disorder, andthe at least one implantable functional element can be positioned tostimulate V2 of trigeminal nerve tissue. The neuralgia can comprisefacial neuralgia, and the at least one implantable functional elementcan be positioned to stimulate trigeminal nerve tissue. The neuralgiacan comprise leg neuralgia, and the at least one implantable functionalelement can be positioned to stimulate nerve tissue proximal acontributing lesion.

In some embodiments, the method is configured to treat diabeticneuropathy. The diabetic neuropathy can comprise painful diabeticneuropathy. The at least one implantable functional element can bepositioned proximate the lower spinal cord. The method can comprisestimulating the tibial nerve. The method can comprise stimulating dorsalroot ganglia. The diabetic neuropathy can comprise diabetic neuropathyof at least one of the hand or foot. The method can comprisestransvascularly stimulating nerve tissue.

In some embodiments, method is configured to treat a disease or disorderselected from the group consisting of: visceral pain; angina; andcombinations thereof. The method can comprise stimulating the vagusnerve. The method can be configured to treat a disease or disorderselected from the group consisting of: angina; chest pain caused byreduced blood flow to the heart muscle; chest pain associated withcoronary artery disease such as squeezing, pressure, heaviness,tightness or pain in the chest; recurring angina pectoris; acute anginapectoris; chronic angina pectoris; acute coronary syndrome; chest pain;coronary artery spasms; microvascular angina; Prinzmetal's angina;angina inversa; stable or common angina; unstable angina; variantangina; and combinations thereof.

In some embodiments, the method is configured to treat a disease ordisorder selected from the group consisting of: post-surgical neuralgia;post-surgical neuralgia following hernia repair; headache; headache dueto occipital neuralgia; post-herpetic neuralgia; chronic pelvic pain;chronic hip pain; knee pain; and combinations thereof.

In some embodiments, the method is configured to treat pain associatedwith at least one of hernia or hernia repair by stimulating a locationselected from the group consisting of: cutaneous branch of theilioinguinal and/or inguinal nerves; the genital branch of thegenitofemoral nerves; corresponding branches of spinal nervescorrelating to one or more dermatomes related to pain associated with atleast one of hernia or hernia repair; and combinations thereof. Thenerve tissue to be stimulated can be localized using an imaging device.The method can comprise transvascularly stimulating the genitofemoraland/or ilioinguinal nerves. The method can transvascularly stimulatenerve tissue, such as via a blood vessel selected from the groupconsisting of: femoral vein; femoral artery; superficial externalpudendal vein; superficial external pudendal artery; deep externalpudendal vein; deep external pudendal artery; superficial epigastricvein; superficial epigastric artery; and combinations thereof. Themethod can be configured to treat painful areas innervated by at leastone of: ilioinguinal nerve, genitofemoral nerve or iliohypogastricnerves. The method can deliver stimulation energy to the spinal cord inthe L1-L5 region. The method can comprise delivering stimulation energyto the L1-L2 dorsal root ganglia. The at least one implantablefunctional element can be positioned at a location selected from thegroup consisting of: over a dorsal column; over a dorsal root; in thedorsal root entry zone; and combinations thereof. The at least oneimplantable functional element can comprise at least two implantablefunctional elements positioned in a configuration selected from thegroup consisting of: unilateral; bilateral; midline; and combinationsthereof.

In some embodiments, the method is configured to treat occipitalneuralgia. The at least one implantable functional element can bepositioned to stimulate peripheral nerve tissue to reduce pain. The atleast one implantable functional element can be positioned to stimulatea cervical nerve. The at least one implantable functional element ispositioned unilaterally or bilaterally. The method can be configured totreat a disease or disorder selected from the group consisting of:migraine headache; headache; cluster headache; and combinations thereof.The method can comprise stimulating nerve tissue selected from the groupconsisting of: occipital; supraorbital; infraorbital; greater occipitalnerve (GON); lesser occipital nerve (LON); both supraorbital and GON;supratroclear; sphenopalantine (SPG); and combinations thereof.

In some embodiments, the method is configured to treat a disease ordisorder selected from the group consisting of: occipital pain;headache; and combinations thereof. The method can be configured totreat a disease or disorder selected from the group consisting of:occipital neuralgia; cervicogenic headache; tension headache; chronicand episodic migraine headache; tension headache; hemicrania continua;trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias (TACs); chronic and episodic clusterheadache; chronic and episodic paroxysmal hemicranias; short-lastingunilateral neuralgiform headache attacks with conjunctival injection andtearing (SUNCT); short-lasting unilateral neuralgiform headache attackswith cranial autonomic symptoms (SUNA); long-lasting autonomic symptomswith hemicrania (LASH); post-traumatic headache; and combinationsthereof. The method can comprise stimulating one or more nerves in thehead. The method can comprise stimulating one or more nerves selectedfrom the group consisting of: greater and/or lesser occipital nerve; thegreater and/or lesser auricular nerves; the third occipital nerve; andcombinations thereof. The method can comprise stimulating one or morenerves selected from the group consisting of: auriculotemporal nerve;supratrochlear nerve; sub-occipital nerve; and combinations thereof. Theimplantable housing can be positioned at a location selected from thegroup consisting of: in the head; behind the ear; in the back of thehead; in the neck; in the face; and combinations thereof. The at leastone external device can be positioned in a device selected from thegroup consisting of: hat; headband; glasses; goggles; earpiece;necklace; patch; and combinations thereof. The method can comprisestimulating spinal cord tissue proximate C2-C3. The at least oneimplantable functional element can be positioned at a location selectedfrom the group consisting of: over a dorsal columns; in the gutter; overa dorsal root entry zone; in the foramen at the dorsal root ganglion;and combinations thereof.

In some embodiments, the method is configured to treat post-herpeticneuralgia. The at least one implantable functional element can bepositioned to stimulate corresponding branches of spinal nervescorrelating to one or more dermatomes related to the post-herpeticneuralgia. The method can be configured to treat a disease or disorderselected from the group consisting of: shingles; herpes zoster; zoster;zona; varicella zoster virus infection; zoster sine herpete; feverblisters; herpes zoster blisters; herpes zoster rash; and combinationsthereof. The method can comprise delivering a high frequency alternatingcurrent block. The method can comprise stimulating nerve tissue from alocation selected from the group consisting of: leg; arm; torso; sacrum;spinal cord; and combinations thereof. The method can comprisetransvascularly stimulating nerve tissue from a location selected fromthe group consisting of: leg; arm; torso; sacrum; and combinationsthereof.

In some embodiments, the method is configured to treat a disease ordisorder selected from the group consisting of: pelvic disorder; bladderdisorder; and combinations thereof, and wherein the method comprisesstimulating a nerve selected from the group consisting of: sacral;pudendal; tibial; and combinations thereof.

In some embodiments, the method is configured to treat a bladder, bowelor other dysfunction selected from the group consisting of: overactivebladder; urinary urgency; urinary frequency; urinary urgency frequency;urinary urge incontinence; urinary stress incontinence; urgeincontinence; stress incontinence; non-obstructive urinary retention;female sexual dysfunction; fecal incontinence; constipation; diarrhea;irritable bowel syndrome; colitis; detrusor instability; detrusordysfunction; spastic bladder; neurogenic bladder; detrusor sphincterdyssynergia; detrusor hyperreflexia; detrusor areflexia; andcombinations thereof.

In some embodiments, the method is configured to treat a pelvic or otherdisorder selected from the group consisting of: pelvic pain; painfulbladder syndrome; Hunner's ulcers or lesions; interstitial cystitis;pelvic floor dysfunction; endometriosis; vulvodynia; dyspareunia; pelvicadhesions; abdominal adhesions; irritable bowel syndrome; pelvic girdlepain; pudendal nerve entrapment; pudendal neuralgia; dysmenorrhea;Müllerian abnormalities; pelvic inflammatory disease; ovarian cysts;ovarian torsion; Loin pain hematuria syndrome; proctitis; prostatitis;prostadynia; post-abdominal surgical pain; post-pelvic surgical pain;hernia pain; post-hernia surgical pain; anal pain; rectal pain; perinealpain; groin pain; vulvar pain; vaginal pain; clitoral pain; colitis; andcombinations thereof.

In some embodiments, the method is configured to treat a disease ordisorder selected from the group consisting of: pelvic disorder; bladderdysfunction; bowel dysfunction; and combinations thereof. The method cancomprise stimulating the sacral nerves S2, S3 and/or S4. The firstimplantable device can comprise at least one implantable lead comprisingthe at least one implantable functional element, and the method cancomprise passing the at least one implantable lead through the foramento the anterior side of the sacrum and/or positioning the at least oneimplantable lead inside the foramen. The first implantable device cancomprise at least one implantable lead comprising the at least oneimplantable functional element, and the method can comprise insertingthe at least one implantable lead rostrally toward the sacral roots. Thefirst implantable device can comprise at least one implantable leadcomprising the at least one implantable functional element, and themethod can comprise positioning the at least one implantable lead alongthe sacral canal. The first implantable device can comprise at least oneimplantable lead comprising the at least one implantable functionalelement, and the method can comprise positioning the at least oneimplantable lead in a manner selected from the group consisting of:threaded from the spinal canal into a sacral foramen in an anteriortrajectory; inserted into the sacral canal in a caudal trajectory;inserted into the sacral canal via the sacral hiatus in an anterogradetrajectory; and combinations thereof. The method can comprise accessingthe sacral nerves as they enter the spinal cord at the cauda equina. Themethod can comprise transvascularly stimulating the sacral nerves. Themethod can comprise stimulating the pudendal nerve. The method cancomprise positioning the at least one implantable functional elementproximate the ischial spine. The first implantable device can furthercomprise at least one implantable lead comprising the at least oneimplantable functional element, and the method can comprise insertingthe at least one implantable lead through the vaginal wall toward theischial spine. The first implantable device can further comprise atleast one implantable lead comprising the at least one implantablefunctional element, and the method can comprise inserting the at leastone implantable lead to a position just medial to the ischial tuberosityand toward the ischial spine. The method can comprise transvascularlystimulating the pudendal nerve. The method can comprise stimulatingpudendal afferents. The method can comprise stimulating pudendalafferents by stimulating the dorsal genital nerve. The first implantabledevice can further comprise at least one implantable lead comprising theat least one implantable functional element, and the method can compriseinserting the at least one implantable lead periurethrally. The methodcan comprise stimulating tibial nerve tissue.

In some embodiments, the method is configured to treat pelvic pain. Themethod can be configured to treat at least one of interstitial cystitisor bladder pain. The method can comprise positioning the at least oneimplantable functional element to stimulate peripheral nervous systemtissue and/or central nervous system tissue. The method can comprisestimulating peripheral nervous system tissue by positioning the at leastone implantable functional element proximate tissue selected from thegroup consisting of: pudendal tissue; S-2 root; S-3 root; S-4 root; andcombinations thereof. The method can comprise stimulating centralnervous system tissue by positioning the at least one implantablefunctional element proximate tissue selected from the group consistingof: lower spinal cord tissue; s3 neural foramen; and combinationsthereof. The method can be configured to treat anal pain, and the methodcan comprise positioning the at least one implantable functional elementto stimulate nerve tissue selected from the group consisting of:pudendal tissue; S-2 root; S-3 root; S-4 root; and combinations thereof.The method can be configured to stimulate tibial nerve tissue.

In some embodiments, the method is configured to treat overactivebladder. The method can be configured to treat urinary incontinence. Themethod can be configured to reduce the effect of overactive bladderand/or decrease use of an overactive bladder medication. The method cancomprise stimulating tissue selected from the group consisting of:central nervous system tissue; peripheral nervous system tissue; andcombinations thereof. The method can comprise stimulating one or morenerves that control and/or relate to bladder function. The method can beconfigured to provide a therapeutic benefit selected from the groupconsisting of: to increase bladder capacity; improve bladder emptying;reduce urge incontinence; reduce stress incontinence; and combinationsthereof. The method can comprise stimulating at least one of tibialnerve tissue or sacral nerve tissue. The method can comprise modulatingtransmission of excitatory nerve signals to the bladder muscles. Themethod can comprise providing temporary stimulation of tissue to treatoveractive bladder. The method can comprise stimulating at least onesphincter muscle, such as by stimulating multiple sphincter muscles. Theat least one implantable functional element can comprise a firstimplantable functional element and a second implantable functionalelement, and the method can comprise positioning the first implantablefunctional element on one side of the urethral orifice and positioningthe second implantable functional element on the opposite side of theurethral orifice. The method can comprise positioning the implantablehousing in a location selected from the group consisting of: suprapubicregion; perineum; and combinations thereof.

In some embodiments, the method is configured to treat fecalincontinence. The method can comprise stimulating tissue selected fromthe group consisting of: sacral nerve tissue; tissue whose stimulationstrengthens muscles of the bowel and/or rectum; and combinationsthereof. The first implantable device can comprise at least oneimplantable lead comprising the at least one implantable functionalelement, and the method can comprise positioning the at least oneimplantable lead in a location selected from the group consisting of:the pelvic girdle; the sacral foramina; the lower back; the upperbuttock; and combinations thereof. The method can be further configuredto treat a bladder disorder.

In some embodiments, the method is configured to treat subcutaneouspain.

In some embodiments, the method is configured to treat post-amputationpain. The method can be configured to treat a disease or disorderselected from the group consisting of: phantom limb pain; phantom stumppain; acute and persistent stump pain; limb pain; neuroma; Morton'sneuroma; neurilemoma; neurolemoma; Schwann cell tumor; phantom limbitch; phantom limb sensations; and combinations thereof. The method cancomprise delivering a high frequency alternating current block. Themethod can comprise stimulating a nerve from a location selected fromthe group consisting of: leg; arm; sacrum; spinal cord; and combinationsthereof. The method can comprise transvascularly stimulating a nervefrom a location selected from the group consisting of: leg; arm; andcombinations thereof.

In some embodiments, the method is configured to treat carpal tunnelsyndrome. The method can be configured to treat a disease or disorderselected from the group consisting of: median nerve entrapment; tinglingand/or numbness in fingers or hand; median nerve irritation orcompression; narrowing of the carpal tunnel; and combinations thereof.

In some embodiments, the method is configured to treat erectiledysfunction. The method can be configured to treat a disease or disorderselected from the group consisting of: impotence; male sexualdysfunction; inability to develop or maintain an erect penis;cardiogenic ED; vasculogenic ED; diabetic ED; neurogenic ED; traumaticED; post-prostatectomy ED; hormonal ED; hyopogonadism; pharmacologicalED; and combinations thereof.

In some embodiments, the method is configured to treat complex regionalpain syndrome. The method can be configured to treat a disease ordisorder selected from the group consisting of: CRPS type 1; CRPS type2; reflex sympathetic dystrophy; causalgia;

reflex neurovascular dystrophy; amplified musculoskeletal pain syndrome;systemic autonomic dysregulation; neurogenic edema; musculoskeletalpain; and combinations thereof.

In some embodiments, the method is configured to treat a condition ofdiabetes. The method can be configured to treat a disease or disorderselected from the group consisting of: peripheral vascular disease;diabetic neuropathy; and combinations thereof. The method can beconfigured to treat a disease or disorder selected from the groupconsisting of: peripheral diabetic neuropathic pain; painful diabeticperipheral neuropathy; peripheral vascular disease; peripheral arterialdisease; peripheral artery disease; cardiac autonomic neuropathy;diabetic autonomic neuropathy; diabetic sensory neuropathy; diabeticmotor neuropathy; diabetic sensorimotor neuropathy; diabetic muscularatrophy; diabetic neurovascular disease; and combinations thereof. Themethod can comprise positioning the at least one implantable functionalelement proximate nerve tissue in a location selected from the groupconsisting of: foot; leg; arm; sacrum; and combinations thereof. Themethod can comprise stimulating the spinal cord. The method can comprisetransvascularly stimulating tissue. The method can comprise stimulatingtibial nerve tissue. The method can be configured to treat a diabeticmalady of the foot.

In some embodiments, the method comprises stimulating the tibial nerve.The method can be configured to treat a disease or disorder selectedfrom the group consisting of: overactive bladder; bowel disorder;diabetic disorder; diabetic malady of the foot; and combinationsthereof. The first implantable device comprises at least one implantablelead comprising the at least one implantable functional element, and themethod can comprise placing the at least one implantable lead in thepopliteal fossa behind the knee. The method can comprise transvascularlystimulated the tibial nerve tissue.

In some embodiments, the method comprises stimulating the posteriortibial nerve. The method can be configured to treat bladder voidingdysfunction.

In some embodiments, the method comprises positioning the at least oneimplantable functional element to perform retrograde stimulation of thesacral nerve plexus. The method can be configured to restore the balancebetween bladder inhibitory and excitatory control systems.

In some embodiments, the method comprises stimulating a region of thepelvic floor. The method can be configured to perform a functionselected from the group consisting of: change the reflex thresholds ofthe bladder muscles responsible for bladder emptying; strengthen and/orotherwise improve the condition of the muscles that maintain closure onthe bladder outlet; change the state of the neural pathways, musculatureand/or bladder during and beyond the period stimulation; decrease theseverity of urinary incontinence; and combinations thereof.

In some embodiments, the method comprises stimulating periurethralmuscles. The method can comprise stimulating pudendal afferents.

In some embodiments, the method comprises stimulating tissue of at leastone of the vagina or the anus.

In some embodiments, the method comprises stimulating the vagus nerve.The method can be configured to treat at least one of visceral pain orangina.

In some embodiments, the method comprises stimulating a nerve selectedfrom the group consisting of: peroneal nerve; saphenous nerve; andcombinations thereof.

In some embodiments, the method comprises stimulating a nerve selectedfrom the group consisting of: median nerve; ulnar nerve; radial nerve;and combinations thereof.

In some embodiments, the method comprises stimulating the spinal cord.The method can comprise positioning the at least one implantablefunctional element between T5-S5. The method can be configured to treatpain and/or reduced circulation of the leg and/or foot. The method cancomprise positioning the at least one implantable functional elementbetween C2 and T8. The method can be configured to treat pain and/orreduced circulation of the arm and/or hand. The first implantable devicecan comprise at least one implantable lead comprising the at least oneimplantable functional element, and the method can comprise positioningthe at least one implantable lead along the midline. The method cancomprise positioning the at least one implantable lead bilaterally. Themethod can comprise positioning the at least one implantable leadunilaterally. The method can comprise positioning the at least oneimplantable lead at a location selected from the group consisting of:over the dorsal columns; in the gutter; in the dorsal root entry zone;and combinations thereof. The method can comprise positioning the atleast one implantable functional element to span multiple vertebrallevels. The method can comprise positioning the at least one implantablefunctional element to span a single vertebral level. The method cancomprise positioning the at least one functional element to stimulatedorsal root ganglia that supply nerve tissue selected from the groupconsisting of: common peroneal; tibial; femoral; and combinationsthereof. The method can be configured to treat the leg and/or the foot.The method can further comprise positioning the at least one functionalelement to stimulate dorsal root ganglia that supply nerve tissueselected from the group consisting of: radial; median; ulnar; andcombinations thereof. The method can be configured to treat the armand/or the hand. The first implantable device can comprise at least oneimplantable lead comprising the at least one implantable functionalelement, and the method can comprise passing the at least oneimplantable lead through the intervertebral foramina. The method cancomprise stimulating tissue between T9 and T12. The method can beconfigured to treat back pain. The method can comprise stimulatingtissue between L5 and T5. The method can comprise stimulating peripheralnerve tissue. The method can comprise stimulating tissue between C5 andT1 and/or C3 and T5. The method can comprise treating upper limb pain.The method can comprise stimulating tissue between T9 and T1 and/or T5and L5. The method can comprise treating lower limb pain. The method cancomprise stimulating tissue between C7 and T1 and/or C5 and T5. Themethod can comprise treating angina. The method can further comprisevisualizing the patient's anatomy to place the at least one implantablefunctional element.

In some embodiments, the method comprises stimulating the dorsal rootganglion. The method can be configured to treat pain at a locationselected from the group consisting of: leg; torso; arm; and combinationsthereof.

In some embodiments, the method comprises transvascularly stimulatingtissue. The first implantable device can further comprise at least oneimplantable lead comprising the at least one functional element, and themethod can comprise positioning the at least one implantable lead in ablood vessel selected from the group consisting of: internal pudendalvein and/or artery; common iliac vein and/or artery; inferior and/orsuperior gluteal vein and/or artery; middle rectal, pudendal plexusand/or internal iliac vein and/or artery; medial and/or lateral sacralvein and/or artery; uterine and/or obturator vein and/or artery; andcombinations thereof.

The method can comprise transvascularly stimulating a nerve at alocation selected from the group consisting of: leg; foot; arm; hand;and combinations thereof.

The method can comprise transvascularly stimulating a leg nerve selectedfrom the group consisting of: tibial nerve; sacral root; deep fibularnerve; and combinations thereof.

The method can comprise transvascularly stimulating an arm nerveselected from the group consisting of: median nerve; ulnar nerve;superior ulnar nerve; medial cutaneous nerve; radial nerve; andcombinations thereof.

The method can comprise transvascularly stimulating at least one of amedian nerve, an ulnar nerve or a radial nerve, the at least oneimplantable functional element can comprise one or more electrodes, andthe method can further comprise positioning the one or more electrodesin a blood vessel selected from the group consisting of: brachial vein;brachial artery; basilic vein; basilic artery; deep vein of the arm;deep artery of the arm; and combinations thereof.

The method can comprise transvascularly stimulating at least one of amedian nerve or an ulnar nerve, the at least one implantable functionalelement can comprise one or more electrodes, and the method can furthercomprise positioning the one or more electrodes in a blood vesselselected from the group consisting of: brachial vein; brachial artery;and combinations thereof.

The method can comprise transvascularly stimulating the radial nerve,the at least one implantable functional element can comprise one or moreelectrodes, and the method can further comprise positioning the one ormore electrodes in a blood vessel selected from the group consisting of:deep vein of arm; deep artery of arm; basilic vein; radial collateralvein; radial collateral artery; medial collateral vein; medialcollateral artery; radial vein; radial artery; and combinations thereof.

The method can comprise transvascularly stimulating the medial cutaneousnerve, the at least one implantable functional element can comprise oneor more electrodes, and the method can further comprise positioning theone or more electrodes in the basilic vein.

The method can comprise transvascularly stimulating the ulnar nerve, theat least one implantable functional element can comprise one or moreelectrodes, and the method can further comprise positioning the one ormore electrodes in a blood vessel selected from the group consisting of:ulnar collateral vein; ulnar collateral artery; ulnar vein; ulnarartery; and combinations thereof.

The method can comprise transvascularly stimulating the median nerve,the at least one implantable functional element can comprise one or moreelectrodes, and the method can further comprise positioning the one ormore electrodes in a blood vessel selected from the group consisting of:brachial vein; brachial artery; ulnar vein; ulnar artery; andcombinations thereof.

The method can comprise transvascularly stimulating the tibial nerve.The at least one implantable functional element can comprise one or moreelectrodes, and the method can comprise positioning the one or moreelectrodes in a blood vessel selected from the group consisting of:popliteal artery; popliteal vein; saphenous vein; posterior tibialartery; posterior tibial vein; and combinations thereof. The firstimplantable device can further comprise at least one implantable leadcomprising the one or more electrodes, and the method can comprisepositioning the at least one implantable lead in at least one of thefemoral artery or the femoral vein.

The method can comprise transvascularly stimulating the deep fibialnerve.

The method can comprise transvascularly stimulating an arm nerveselected from the group consisting of: median nerve; ulnar nerve;superior ulnar nerve; medial cutaneous nerve; radial nerve; andcombinations thereof. The method can comprise transvascularlystimulating at least one of a median nerve, an ulnar nerve or a radialnerve, the at least one implantable functional element can comprise oneor more electrodes, and the method can further comprise positioning theone or more electrodes in a blood vessel selected from the groupconsisting of: brachial vein; brachial artery; basilic vein; basilicartery; deep vein of the arm; deep artery of the arm; and combinationsthereof. The method can comprise transvascularly stimulating at leastone of a median nerve or an ulnar nerve, the at least one implantablefunctional element can comprise one or more electrodes, and the methodcan further comprise positioning the one or more electrodes in a bloodvessel selected from the group consisting of: brachial vein; brachialartery; and combinations thereof. The method can comprisetransvascularly stimulating the radial nerve, the at least oneimplantable functional element can comprise one or more electrodes, andthe method can further comprise positioning the one or more electrodesin a blood vessel selected from the group consisting of: deep vein ofarm; deep artery of arm; basilic vein; radial collateral vein; radialcollateral artery; medial collateral vein; medial collateral artery;radial vein; radial artery; and combinations thereof. The method cancomprise transvascularly stimulating the medial cutaneous nerve, the atleast one implantable functional element can comprise one or moreelectrodes, and the method can further comprise positioning the one ormore electrodes in the basilic vein. The method can comprisetransvascularly stimulating the ulnar nerve, the at least oneimplantable functional element can comprise one or more electrodes, andthe method can further comprise positioning the one or more electrodesin a blood vessel selected from the group consisting of: ulnarcollateral vein; ulnar collateral artery; ulnar vein; ulnar artery; andcombinations thereof. The method can comprise transvascularlystimulating the median nerve, the at least one implantable functionalelement can comprise one or more electrodes, and the method can furthercomprise positioning the one or more electrodes in a blood vesselselected from the group consisting of: brachial vein; brachial artery;ulnar vein; ulnar artery; and combinations thereof.

The method can comprise transvascularly stimulating the tibial nerve.The at least one implantable functional element can comprise one or moreelectrodes, and the method can comprise positioning the one or moreelectrodes in a blood vessel selected from the group consisting of:popliteal artery; popliteal vein; saphenous vein; posterior tibialartery; posterior tibial vein; and combinations thereof. The firstimplantable device can further comprise at least one implantable leadcomprising the one or more electrodes, and the method can comprisepositioning the at least one implantable lead in at least one of thefemoral artery or the femoral vein.

The method can comprise transvascularly stimulating the deep fibialnerve. The at least one implantable functional element can comprise oneor more electrodes, and the method can comprise positioning the one ormore electrodes in a blood vessel selected from the group consisting of:anterior tibial vein; anterior tibial artery; and combinations thereof.

The method can comprise transvascularly stimulating the saphenous nerve.The at least one implantable functional element can comprise one or moreelectrodes, and the method can comprise positioning the one or moreelectrodes in a blood vessel selected from the group consisting of:femoral vein; femoral artery; and combinations thereof.

The method can comprise transvascularly stimulating the sural nerve. Theat least one implantable functional element can comprise one or moreelectrodes, and the method can comprise positioning the one or moreelectrodes in a small saphenous vein.

In some embodiments, the method comprises delivering one or more of:electrical stimulation energy at a frequency of approximately between 10Hz and 15 Hz; electrical stimulation energy at a frequency of between 5Hz and 25 Hz; electrical stimulation energy with a pulse width ofapproximately between 180 μsec and 240 μsec; electrical stimulationenergy with a pulse width of approximately between 10 μsec and 200 μsec;electrical stimulation energy with an amplitude of approximately 0.1V to8.5V; electrical stimulation energy with a current between 0.1 mA to 10mA; electrical stimulation energy with an amplitude between 0.4V and2.0V; continuous electrical stimulation energy; intermittent electricalstimulation energy; intermittent electrical stimulation energy with aperiod between 8 seconds and 24 seconds; intermittent electricalstimulation energy with an on time between 8 seconds and 16 seconds;monopolar electrical stimulation energy; bipolar electrical stimulationenergy; and combinations thereof. The method can be configured to treata disease or disorder selected from the group consisting of: fecalincontinence; overactive bladder; urinary incontinence; a pelvicdisorder; and combinations thereof. The at least one implantablefunctional element can comprise between two and six implantablefunctional elements.

In some embodiments, the first implantable device is configured toadjust the amount of stimulation energy delivered by varying a parameterselected from the group consisting of: at least one implantablefunctional element size and/or configuration; at least one implantablefunctional element shape; shape of a generated electric field; shape ofa generated magnetic field; stimulation signal parameters; andcombinations thereof.

In some embodiments, the first implantable device is configured toprovide electrical stimulation energy at a current between 0.1 mA and 15mA. The first implantable device can be configured to provide electricalstimulation energy at a current between 0.1 mA and 12 mA. The firstimplantable device can be configured to provide electrical stimulationenergy at a current between 0.1 mA and 10 mA.

In some embodiments, the first implantable device is configured toperform magnetic field modulation. The first implantable device can beconfigured to perform a magnetic field modulation selected from thegroup consisting of: targeted magnetic field neuromodulation (TMFN),electro-magnetic field neuromodulation, such as targetedelectro-magnetic field neuromodulation (TEMFN), transcutaneous magneticfield stimulation (TMS), and combinations thereof.

In some embodiments, the first implantable device is configured toprovide at least one of localized magnetic stimulation or localizedelectrical stimulation. The first implantable device can be configuredto provide by localized magnetic stimulation and localized electricalstimulation via superposition.

In some embodiments, the first implantable device is configured toprovide a stimulation signal comprising a waveform selected from thegroup consisting of: square wave; sine wave; sawtooth; triangle wave;trapezoidal; ramp; waveform with exponential increase; waveform withexponential decrease; pulse shape which minimizes power consumption;Gaussian pulse shape; pulse train; root-raised cosine; bipolar pulses;and combinations thereof.

In some embodiments, the first implantable device is configured toprovide a stimulation signal comprising a high frequency signalmodulated with a low frequency signal. The stimulation signal cancomprise one or more high frequency signals that are frequencymodulated, amplitude modulated, phase modulated and/or pulse widthmodulated.

In some embodiments, the first implantable device comprises animplantable sensor. The implantable sensor can comprise a sensorselected from the group consisting of: electrode; sensor configured torecord electrical activity of tissue; blood glucose sensor; gas sensor;blood gas sensor; ion concentration sensor; oxygen sensor; pressuresensor; blood pressure sensor; heart rate sensor; cardiac output sensor;inflammation sensor; neural activity sensor; neural spike sensor;muscular activity sensor; EMG sensor, bladder volume sensor, bladderpressure sensor, gastric volume sensor; peristalsis rate sensor; pHsensor; strain gauge; accelerometer; gyroscope; GPS; respiration sensor;respiration rate sensor; flow sensor; viscosity sensor; temperaturesensor; magnetic sensor; optical sensor; MEMs sensor; chemical sensor;hormone sensor; impedance sensor; tissue impedance sensor;electrode-tissue interface impedance sensor; body position sensor; bodymotion sensor; organ motion sensor; physical activity level sensor;perspiration sensor; patient hydration sensor; breath monitoring sensor;sleep monitoring sensor; food intake monitoring sensor; digestionmonitoring sensor; urine movement sensor; bowel movement sensor; tremorsensor; pain level sensor; and combinations thereof.

In some embodiments, the medical apparatus further comprises a secondimplantable device comprising: at least one implantable functionalelement configured to interface with the patient. The medical apparatuscan further comprise a connecting filament operatively connecting thefirst implantable device to the second implantable device. The methodcan further comprise operatively connecting the first implantable deviceto the second implantable device with the connecting filament.

In some embodiments, the at least one implantable functional element isconfigured to deliver electrical energy to a location selected from thegroup consisting of: spinal cord tissue; spinal canal tissue; epiduralspace; spinal root tissue; dorsal spinal root tissue; ventral spinalroot tissue; dorsal root ganglion; nerve tissue; peripheral nervetissue; spinal nerve tissue; brain tissue, ganglia; sympathetic ganglia;parasympathetic ganglia; a plexus; and combinations thereof.

In some embodiments, the at least one implantable functional element ispositioned in a location selected from the group consisting of: epiduralspace; intrathecal space; outside of the dura in the epidural space butproximate the spine; a blood vessel; and combinations thereof.

In some embodiments, the first implantable functional element comprisesa magnetic field generating element. The at least one implantablefunctional element can comprise a coil. The at least one implantablefunctional element can be implanted to at least partially surroundtissue to be stimulated. The at least one implantable functional elementcan be configured to produce a magnetic field to induce application ofmechanical energy. The at least one implantable functional element canbe positioned to stimulate DRG tissue while avoiding stimulating ventralroot tissue.

In some embodiments, the implantable housing comprises a shape selectedfrom the group consisting of: disc; pill; cylinder; sphere; oblatespheroid; tombstone or elongated “D” shape; dish-like shape; bowl-likeshape; cone; rectangular prism; trapezoidal prism; a portion of atoroid; and combinations thereof.

In some embodiments, the implantable housing comprises a materialselected from the group consisting of: glass; ceramic; stainless steel;titanium; polyurethane; an organic compound; liquid crystal polymer(LCP); gold; platinum; tungsten; epoxy; a thermoplastic; a thermosetplastic; and combinations thereof.

In some embodiments, the at least one implantable antenna is positionedwithin the implantable housing.

In some embodiments, the at least one implantable antenna is positionedoutside the implantable housing.

In some embodiments, the first implantable device further comprises asecond implantable housing. The first implantable device can furthercomprise a connecting filament operatively connecting the firstimplantable housing to the second implantable housing.

In some embodiments, the first implantable device further comprises atleast one implantable lead comprising the at least one functionalelement. The at least one implantable lead can comprise a firstimplantable lead comprising a functional element and a secondimplantable lead comprising a functional element, and the firstimplantable lead and the second implantable lead can each be operativelyconnected to the implantable housing.

In some embodiments, the first implantable device further comprises atleast one flange attached to the implantable housing. The at least oneflange can comprise at least a flexible portion. The at least one flangecan comprise at least a rigid portion. The at least one flange cancomprise an anchor element. The at least one flange can comprise anelement selected from the group consisting of: antenna; conductivesheet; conductive surface; conductive element; capacitor;supercapacitor; energy storage element; and combinations thereof. The atleast one flange comprises a conductive element can be configured toimprove transmission of power and/or data between the first implantabledevice and the first external device. The at least one flange cancomprise an electrically isolated component.

In some embodiments, the implantable housing comprises at least a firsthousing portion and a second housing portion. The implantable housingcan comprise at least a third housing portion. The first housing portioncan be attached to the second housing portion with a fixation selectedfrom the group consisting of: adhesive; solvent; welding process;mechanical fixation; and combinations thereof. The implantable housingcan further comprise a gap filling material constructed and arranged tofill gaps between the first housing portion and the second housingportion. The implantable housing can further comprise feedthroughs. Thefeedthroughs can be configured to electrically attach to the at leastone implantable functional element. The feedthroughs can electricallyattach to the at least one functional element using an attachmentselected from the group consisting of: soldering; crimping; wirebonding; welding; laser welding; ultrasonic welding; tab bonding;applying a conductive adhesive; applying a conductive epoxy; tabwelding; welding a folded flap with mating metal pads; brazing; andcombinations thereof. The first implantable device can further comprisea conductive ribbon, and the feedthroughs can electrically attach to theconductive ribbon. The feedthroughs can be positioned away from the atleast one implantable antenna. The implantable housing can comprise amaterial selected from the group consisting of: glass; ceramic; plastic;urethane; metal; titanium; and combinations thereof.

In some embodiments, the implantable housing comprises a major axis lessthan or equal to 20 mm in length. The implantable housing major axis cancomprise a length less than or equal to a length selected from the groupconsisting of: 50 mm, 25 mm; 15 mm; 12 mm and 10 mm.

In some embodiments, the implantable housing comprises a minor axis witha length less than or equal to 8 mm. The implantable housing cancomprise a minor axis with a length less than or equal to 6 mm.

In some embodiments, the implantable housing can comprise a wallthickness between 0.2 mm and 2.0 mm, such as between 0.2 mm and 1.0 mm.The implantable housing can comprise a wall thickness between 0.2 mm and1.5 mm, such as between 0.2 mm and 0.5 mm. The implantable housing cancomprise a wall thickness of approximately 1.3 mm or alternatively 0.3mm.

In some embodiments, the implantable housing comprises a surface, andthe first implantable device can comprise an implantable componentpositioned on the implantable housing surface. The implantable componentcan comprise a component selected from the group consisting of: passiveelectrical component; capacitor; the at least one implantable antenna;and combinations thereof. The surface can comprise an interior surfaceof the implantable housing. The surface can comprise an exterior surfaceof the implantable housing. The at least one implantable antenna cancomprise an antenna electrically patterned on the surface. The antennapatterned on the surface can comprise meandering lines positioned on thesurface. The antenna patterned on the surface can comprise insulatedwires attached to the surface. The antenna patterned on the surface cancomprise an antenna selected from the group consisting of: loop antenna;electric dipole antenna; patch antenna;

and combinations thereof. The surface can comprise a first surface and asecond surface, and the antenna patterned on the surface can comprise afirst antenna patterned on the first surface and a second antennapatterned on the second surface. The first surface can be relativelyorthogonal to the second surface.

In some embodiments, the first implantable device further comprises adesiccant positioned within the implantable housing.

In some embodiments, the first implantable device further comprises apotting material positioned within the implantable housing. The pottingmaterial can comprise RF-transparent potting material.

In some embodiments, the first implantable device further comprises acovering surrounding at least a portion of the housing. The covering cancomprise a covering applied via at least one of a dipping or overmoldingprocess.

In some embodiments, the implantable energy storage assembly isconfigured to provide stimulation energy when power provided by thefirst external device is interrupted. The method can be configured toprovide cardiac resynchronization therapy.

In some embodiments, the implantable controller is configured to controla parameter selected from the group consisting of: a direct current (DC)parameter such as amplitude of voltage and/or current; amplitude;frequency; pulse width; inter-pulse interval (e.g. random, varied orconstant); an amplitude modulation parameter; a frequency modulationparameter; anode/cathode configuration; voltage; current; pulse shape; aduty cycle parameter such as frequency, pulse width or off time;polarity; drive impedance; energy storage capacity; and combinationsthereof.

In some embodiments, the first external device further comprises amagnetic field generating element. The first implantable device canfurther comprise a focusing component configured to focus the magneticfield generated by the first external device. The magnetic fieldgenerating element can be configured to induce application of mechanicalenergy. The magnetic field generating element can comprise aconfiguration selected from the group consisting of: wrist band; wristwatch; arm band; leg band; ankle band; and combinations thereof.

In some embodiments, the first external device comprises an externalsensor configured to record a patient parameter selected from the groupconsisting of: blood glucose; blood pressure; EKG; heart rate; cardiacoutput; oxygen level; pH level; pH of blood; pH of a bodily fluids;tissue temperature; inflammation level; bacteria level; type of bacteriapresent; gas level; blood gas level; neural activity; neural spikes;neural spike shape; action potential;

local field potential (LFP); EEG; muscular activity; skeletal muscleactivity; bladder volume; bladder pressure; gastric volume; peristalsisrate; impedance; tissue impedance; electrode-tissue interface impedance;physical activity level; pain level; body position; body motion; organmotion; respiration rate; respiration level; perspiration rate; sleeplevel; sleep cycle; digestion state; digestion level; urine production;urine flow; bowel movement; tremor; ion concentration; chemicalconcentration; hormone level; viscosity of a bodily fluid; patienthydration level; and combinations thereof.

In some embodiments, the first external device is constructed andarranged to mechanically adjust the position of the at least oneexternal antenna. The first external device can comprise a mechanicaladjustment assembly comprising a component selected from the groupconsisting of: motorized positioner; pulleys; gears; tensioners; fluidreservoir; and combinations thereof.

In some embodiments, the at least one external antenna comprises atleast two external antennas configured to perform electrical beamsteering.

In some embodiments, the first transmission signal comprises a frequencybetween 0.01 GHz and 10.6 GHz, such as between 0.01 GHz and 0.1 GHz,0.01 GHz and 3.0 GHz, 0.1 GHz and 3.0 GHz, 0.1 GHz and 10.6 GHz, 0.4 GHzand 1.5 GHz, 0.902 GHz and 0.928 GHz, 10 MHz and 100 MHz, 40.66 MHz and40.70 MHz or in a frequency range proximate to 866 MHz, or approximatelybetween 863 MHz and 870 MHz. In some embodiments, the first implantabledevice further comprises a first implantable lead comprising one or moreof the functional elements. The medical apparatus can further comprise asecond implantable lead comprising one or more of the functionalelements. The method can comprise bilaterally positioning the firstimplantable lead and the second implantable lead about the spine. Thefirst implantable lead and the second implantable can be attached to theimplantable housing. The implantable system can further comprise asecond implantable housing, and the first implantable lead can beoperatively attached to the first implantable housing and the secondimplantable lead can be operatively attached to the second implantablehousing. The implantable system can further comprise a secondimplantable antenna, and the first implantable lead can be operativelyattached to the first implantable antenna and the second implantablelead can be operatively attached to the second implantable antenna. Theexternal antenna can transmit power and/or data to both the firstimplantable antenna and the second implantable antenna. The method cancomprise positioning the first and second implantable leads such thattheir functional elements are in a staggered configuration. The methodcan comprise bilaterally positioning the first and second implantableleads about the spine. The at least one functional element can compriseone or more functional elements laterally deployable from theimplantable lead. The implantable device can further comprise a secondimplantable lead, a third implantable lead and a fourth implantablelead, each comprising one or more functional elements. The method cancomprise positioning four implantable leads in a diamond configuration.The method can comprise positioning four implantable leads in anX-shaped configuration.

In some embodiments, the medical apparatus further comprises aconnecting filament operatively connecting two or more components of thefirst implantable device. The method can further comprise operativelyconnecting the connecting filament to one of the components. Theconnecting filament can operatively connect to one or more of: a lead ofthe first implantable device; the implantable housing; the at least oneimplantable antenna; and combinations thereof. The connecting filamentcan be constructed and arranged to allow an operator to operativelyconnect the connecting filament to at least one component of the firstimplantable device.

In some embodiments, the medical apparatus further comprises animplantation tool. The first implantable device can comprise at leastone implantable lead comprising the at least one implantable functionalelement, and the method can further comprise implanting the at least oneimplantable lead into the patient. The at least one implantable lead canbe implanted in the patient with the implantable housing attached to theat least one implantable lead. The implantation tool can comprise acannula configured to surround the at least one implantable lead andpenetrate through tissue of the patient while surrounding the at leastone implantable lead. The cannula can comprise a peel-away cannula, andthe method can further comprise removing the cannula from the at leastone implantable lead by peeling apart the cannula. The cannula cancomprise a first portion comprising a first opening and a second portioncomprising a second opening, the first portion can surround the secondportion, and the method can further comprise laterally removing thecannula from the at least one implantable lead after rotating the firstportion relative to the second portion to align the first opening withthe second opening. The first portion can comprise a larger radius ofcurvature than the second portion. The cannula can comprise a firstportion and a second portion configured to mechanically engage the firstportion, and the method can further comprise laterally removing thecannula from the at least one implantable lead after mechanicallydisengaging the first portion from the second portion. The first portioncan comprise a similar radius of curvature as the second portion. Theimplantation tool can comprise a component selected from the groupconsisting of: penetrating element; cannula; stiffening element; stylet;and combinations thereof. The implantation tool can comprise apenetrating element comprising a Touhy needle. The first implantabledevice can comprise an implantable lead comprising the at least oneimplantable functional element, and the implantation tool can comprise astiffening element configured to provide a pathway for advancing anelongate device through tissue. The stiffening element can comprise amarker selected from the group consisting of: radiopaque marker;ultrasonically reflective marker; magnetic marker; and combinationsthereof.

In some embodiments, the medical apparatus further comprises a patientattachment device. The patient attachment device can comprise a deviceselected from the group consisting of: belt; belt with pockets; beltwith adhesive, adhesive; strap; strap with pockets; strap with adhesiveshoulder strap; shoulder band; shirt; shirt with pockets; clothing;clothing with pockets; epidural electronics packaging; clip; bracelet;wrist band; wrist watch; anklet; ankle bracelet; knee strap; knee band;thigh strap; thigh band; necklace; hat; headband; collar; glasses;goggles; earpiece; behind-the-earpiece; and combinations thereof.

In some embodiments, the medical apparatus further comprises adiagnostic assembly. The diagnostic assembly can be configured to assessthe link between the at least one implantable antenna and the at leastone external antenna. The diagnostic assembly can be configured todetect the presence and/or operation of the first implantable device.The diagnostic assembly can be configured to assess the charge and/ordischarge rate of the implantable energy storage assembly. Thediagnostic assembly can be configured to assess the frequency of avoltage-controller oscillator that is driven by an unregulated voltageof a power converter of the implantable energy storage assembly. Thediagnostic assembly can be configured to assess the impedance of atleast one of the at least one external antenna or the at least oneimplantable antenna. The diagnostic assembly can be configured to assessthe impedance by performing a function selected from the groupconsisting of: performing a frequency sweep; performing an impulseresponse; comparing voltage and current of a waveform; and combinationsthereof. The diagnostic assembly can be configured to adjust a matchingnetwork based on the assessed impedance of the at least one externalantenna or the at least one implantable antenna.

In some embodiments, the first implantable device at least oneimplantable functional element comprises at least one electrode. The atleast one electrode can comprise one or more electrodes selected fromthe group consisting of: microelectrode; cuff electrode; array ofelectrodes; linear array of electrodes; circular array of electrodes;paddle-shaped array of electrodes; bifurcated electrodes; andcombinations thereof.

In another aspect of the present invention, medical apparatus isprovided comprising: an external system configured to transmit one ormore transmission signals, each transmission signal comprising at leastpower or data; and an implantable system configured to receive the oneor more transmission signals from the external system, wherein theimplantable system includes at least one implantable functional elementconfigured to interface with the patient and an implantable controllerconfigured to control the at least one implantable functional element,wherein the medical apparatus is configured to perform a functionselected from the group consisting of:

-   -   stimulate tissue of a peripheral nervous system,    -   stimulate tissue with at least a magnetic field,    -   stimulate tissue to treat at least one of neuropathy, neuralgia        or overactive bladder,    -   stimulate tissue to treat occipital neuralgia,    -   stimulate tissue to treat post-herpetic neuralgia    -   stimulate tissue to treat diabetic neuropathy    -   stimulate tissue to treat complex regional pain syndrome,    -   stimulate tissue to treat pain related to at least one of hernia        or hernia repair,    -   stimulate tissue to treat post-amputation pain,    -   stimulate tissue to treat overactive bladder,    -   stimulate tissue to treat fecal incontinence,    -   stimulate tissue to treat pelvic pain,    -   stimulate tissue to treat subcutaneous pain,    -   stimulate tissue to treat visceral pain,    -   stimulate tissue to treat at least one of peripheral vascular        disease, diabetic neuropathy or other diabetic condition,    -   stimulate tissue to treat at least one of occipital pain or        headache pain,    -   stimulate tissue to treat at least one of bladder dysfunction or        bowel dysfunction,    -   stimulate nervous tissue associated with a multifidus muscle to        rehabilitate function of the multifidus muscle and/or improve        spinal stability,    -   stimulate tissue transvascularly,        and combinations of one or more of these.

In some embodiments, the external system comprises a first externaldevice comprising: at least one external antenna configured to transmitthe one or more transmission signals to the implantable system; anexternal transmitter configured to drive the at least one externalantenna; an external power supply configured to provide power to atleast the external transmitter; and an external controller configured tocontrol the external transmitter.

In some embodiments, the implantable system comprises a firstimplantable device comprising: at least one implantable antennaconfigured to receive the one or more transmission signals; animplantable receiver configured to receive the one or more transmissionsignals from the at least one implantable antenna; and an implantableenergy storage assembly configured to provide power to an elementselected from the group consisting of: the at least one implantablefunctional element, the implantable controller, the implantablereceiver, and combinations of these.

In some embodiments, the apparatus is configured to deliver stimulationenergy to tissue, and wherein the stimulation energy is selected fromthe group consisting of: electrical energy, magnetic energy,electromagnetic energy, light energy, infrared light energy, visiblelight energy, ultraviolet light energy, mechanical energy, thermalenergy, heat energy, cryogenic energy, sound energy, ultrasonic soundenergy, high intensity focused ultrasound energy, low intensity focusedultrasound energy, subsonic sound energy, chemical energy, andcombinations thereof.

In some embodiments, the apparatus is configured to perform a functionselected from the group consisting of: deliver electric energy, delivercontrolled electrical current and/or voltage to tissue, deliver magneticenergy, deliver magnetic field energy, deliver controlled current orvoltage to a coil or other magnetic field generating element positionedproximate tissue, deliver electromagnetic energy, deliver both currentto tissue and a magnetic field to tissue, and combinations thereof.

In some embodiments, the apparatus is configured to stimulate at leastone set of multifidus muscle fascicles.

In some embodiments, the apparatus is configured to at least one ofdepolarize, hyperpolarize or block innervated sections of a muscle toperform a function selected from the group consisting of: propagate anactivating stimulus along nerve fibers recruiting muscle tissue remotefrom a site of stimulation; propagate an inhibiting stimulus along nervefibers recruiting muscle tissue remote from a site of stimulation,modulate nerve activity, inhibit nerve conduction, improve nerveconduction, improve muscle activity, and combinations thereof.

In some embodiments, the apparatus is configured to stimulate tissue byproviding episodic electrical stimulation.

In some embodiments, the apparatus further comprises a tool configuredto diagnose a defect in at least one of a spinal muscle or a motorcontrol system.

In some embodiments, the apparatus further comprises a tool configuredto test function of a multifidus muscle. In some instances, the tool isselected from the group consisting of: magnetic resonance imager,ultrasound imager, electromyogram, tissue biopsy device, a deviceconfigured to test displacement as a function of load for a spine, andcombinations thereof.

In some embodiments, the apparatus is configured to deliver highfrequency energy comprising electrical energy at or above 1 kHz. Inother embodiments, the apparatus is configured to deliver low frequencyelectrical energy at a frequency at or below 1 kHz.

In some embodiments, the apparatus further comprising a lead having theat least one implantable functional element, and wherein the lead isconfigured for implantation in a suprascapular location.

In some embodiments, the apparatus is configured to stimulate tissue totreat neuralgia, wherein

-   -   the neuralgia results from at least one of: surgery, trauma or        pain,    -   the neuralgia results from groin surgery and wherein the at        least one implantable functional element is positioned to        stimulate nerve tissue selected from the group consisting of:        ilioinguinal, genitofemoral, iliohypogastric, and combinations        thereof,    -   the neuralgia results from shoulder surgery, wherein the at        least one implantable functional element is positionable to        stimulate axial nerve tissue, and further comprising a lead        comprising the at least one implantable functional element        wherein the lead is implantable in a suprascapular location,    -   the neuralgia results from lung surgery and wherein the at least        one implantable functional element is positionable to stimulate        intercostal nerve tissue,    -   the neuralgia is associated with carpal tunnel syndrome and        wherein the at least one implantable functional element is        positionable to stimulate median nerve tissue,    -   the neuralgia is associated with temporomandibular joint        disorder and wherein the at least one implantable functional        element is positionable to stimulate V2 of trigeminal nerve        tissue,    -   the neuralgia comprises facial neuralgia and wherein the at        least one implantable functional element is positionable to        stimulate trigeminal nerve tissue, or    -   the neuralgia comprises leg neuralgia and wherein the at least        one implantable functional element is positionable to stimulate        nerve tissue proximal a contributing lesion.

In some embodiments, the medical apparatus is configured to stimulatetissue to treat diabetic neuropathy, wherein

-   -   the at least one implantable functional element is positionable        proximate a lower spinal cord,    -   the at least one implantable functional element is positonable        to stimulating a tibial nerve,    -   the at least one implantable functional element is configured to        stimulate a dorsal root ganglion,    -   the at least one implantable functional element is configured to        treat diabetic neuropathy of at least one of a hand or foot, or    -   the at least one implantable functional element is configured to        transvascularly stimulate nerve tissue.

In some embodiments, the medical apparatus is configured to treat adisease or disorder selected from the group consisting of: visceralpain; angina; and combinations thereof.

In some embodiments, the medical apparatus is configured to treat adisease or disorder selected from the group consisting of: post-surgicalneuralgia; post-surgical neuralgia following hernia repair; headache;headache due to occipital neuralgia; post-herpetic neuralgia; chronicpelvic pain; chronic hip pain; knee pain; and combinations thereof.

In some embodiments, the medical apparatus is configured to treat kneepain, wherein the at least one implantable functional element isconfigured to be positioned

-   -   along a medial femoral cutaneous or infrapatellar cutaneous        branch of a saphenous nerve to target a medial portion of a        knee,    -   along a constant articular branch of a common peroneal, lateral        retinacular nerve to target a lateral portion of a knee,    -   along a lateral, medial, or anterior cutaneous femoral nerve,        infrapatellar branch of a saphenous nerve, a medial or lateral        retinacular nerve or an articular branch of a peroneal nerve to        target an anterior portion of a knee, or    -   along an obturator, posterior tibial or sciatic nerve to target        a posterior portion of a knee.    -   along a superior, middle or inferior genicular nerve arising        from a tibial nerve,    -   along a superior lateral, inferior lateral, or recurrent        genicular nerve arising from a common peroneal nerve,    -   along a genicular branch of an obturator arising from an        obturator nerve, or    -   along a saphenous nerve arising from a femoral nerve.

In some embodiments, the medical apparatus is configured to treat painassociated with at least one of hernia or hernia repair by stimulating alocation selected from the group consisting of: cutaneous branch of theilioinguinal and/or inguinal nerves; genital branch of the genitofemoralnerves; corresponding branches of spinal nerves correlating to one ormore dermatomes related to pain associated with at least one of herniaor hernia repair; and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, theapparatus further comprising an imaging device for localizing the nervetissue to be stimulated. Optionally, the medical apparatus is configuredto:

-   -   transvascularly stimulate the genitofemoral and/or ilioinguinal        nerves,    -   transvascularly stimulate nerve tissue via a blood vessel        selected from the group consisting of: femoral vein; femoral        artery; superficial external pudendal vein; superficial external        pudendal artery; deep external pudendal vein; deep external        pudendal artery; superficial epigastric vein; superficial        epigastric artery; and combinations thereof,    -   treat painful areas innervated by at least one of: ilioinguinal        nerve, genitofemoral nerve or iliohypogastric nerves wherein the        apparatus delivers stimulation energy to the spinal cord in the        L1-L5 region,    -   deliver stimulation energy to the L1-L2 dorsal root ganglia, or    -   position the at least one implantable functional element at a        location selected from the group consisting of: over a dorsal        column; over a dorsal root; in the dorsal root entry zone; and        combinations thereof.

In some embodiments, the medical apparatus is configured to treatoccipital neuralgia, and wherein the at least one implantable functionalelement is

-   -   positionable to stimulate peripheral nerve tissue to reduce        pain,    -   positionable to stimulate a cervical nerve,    -   configured to treat a disease or disorder selected from the        group consisting of: migraine headache; headache; cluster        headache; and combinations thereof, or    -   configured to stimulate nerve tissue selected from the group        consisting of:

occipital; supraorbital; infraorbital; greater occipital nerve (GON);lesser occipital nerve (LON); both supraorbital and GON; supratroclear;sphenopalantine (SPG); and combinations thereof.

In some embodiments, the apparatus is configured to treat a disease ordisorder selected from the group consisting of: occipital pain;headache; and combinations thereof.

In some embodiments, the apparatus is configured to treat a disease ordisorder selected from the group consisting of: occipital neuralgia;cervicogenic headache; tension headache; chronic and episodic migraineheadache; tension headache; hemicrania continua; trigeminal autonomiccephalalgias (TACs); chronic and episodic cluster headache; chronic andepisodic paroxysmal hemicranias; short-lasting unilateral neuralgiformheadache attacks with conjunctival injection and tearing (SUNCT);short-lasting unilateral neuralgiform headache attacks with cranialautonomic symptoms (SUNA); long-lasting autonomic symptoms withhemicrania (LASH); post-traumatic headache; and combinations thereof.

In some embodiments, the apparatus is configured to stimulate one ormore nerves in the head.

In some embodiments, the apparatus is configured

-   -   to stimulate one or more nerves selected from the group        consisting of: greater and/or lesser occipital nerve; the        greater and/or lesser auricular nerves; the third occipital        nerve; and combinations thereof,    -   to stimulate one or more nerves selected from the group        consisting of: auriculotemporal nerve; supratrochlear nerve;        sub-occipital nerve; and combinations thereof,    -   to stimulate spinal cord tissue proximate C2-C3, or    -   so that at least one implantable functional element is        positionable at a location selected from the group consisting        of: over a portion of a dorsal column; in the gutter; over a        dorsal root entry zone; in the foramen at the dorsal root        ganglion; and combinations thereof.

In some embodiments, the apparatus is configured to treat post-herpeticneuralgia, wherein

-   -   the at least one implantable functional element is positionable        to stimulate corresponding branches of spinal nerves correlating        to one or more dermatomes related to the post-herpetic        neuralgia,    -   the apparatus is configured to treat a disease or disorder        selected from the group consisting of: shingles; herpes zoster;        zoster; zona; varicella zoster virus infection; zoster sine        herpete; fever blisters; herpes zoster blisters; herpes zoster        rash; and combinations thereof,    -   the apparatus is configured to deliver a high frequency        alternating current block,    -   the apparatus is configured to stimulate nerve tissue from a        location selected from the group consisting of: leg; arm; torso;        sacrum; spinal cord; and combinations thereof, or    -   the apparatus is configured to transvascularly stimulate nerve        tissue from a location selected from the group consisting of:        leg; arm; torso; sacrum; and combinations thereof.

In some embodiments, wherein the apparatus is configured to treat adisease or disorder selected from the group consisting of: pelvicdisorder; bladder disorder; and combinations thereof, and wherein theapparatus is configured to stimulate a nerve selected from the groupconsisting of: sacral; pudendal; tibial; and combinations thereof.

In some embodiments, the apparatus is configured to treat at least oneof a bladder, bowel or other dysfunction selected from the groupconsisting of: overactive bladder; urinary urgency; urinary frequency;urinary urgency frequency; urinary urge incontinence; urinary stressincontinence; urge incontinence; stress incontinence; non-obstructiveurinary retention; female sexual dysfunction; fecal incontinence;constipation; diarrhea; irritable bowel syndrome; colitis; detrusorinstability; detrusor dysfunction; spastic bladder; neurogenic bladder;detrusor sphincter dyssynergia; detrusor hyperreflexia; detrusorareflexia; and combinations thereof.

In some embodiments, the apparatus is configured to treat a pelvicdisorder selected from the group consisting of: pelvic pain; painfulbladder syndrome; Hunner's ulcers or lesions; interstitial cystitis;pelvic floor dysfunction; endometriosis; vulvodynia; dyspareunia; pelvicadhesions; abdominal adhesions; irritable bowel syndrome; pelvic girdlepain; pudendal nerve entrapment; pudendal neuralgia; dysmenorrhea;Müllerian abnormalities; pelvic inflammatory disease; ovarian cysts;ovarian torsion; Loin pain hematuria syndrome; proctitis; prostatitis;prostadynia; post-abdominal surgical pain; post-pelvic surgical pain;hernia pain; post-hernia surgical pain; anal pain; rectal pain; perinealpain; groin pain; vulvar pain; vaginal pain; clitoral pain; colitis; andcombinations thereof.

In some embodiments, the device is configured to treat a disease ordisorder selected from the group consisting of: pelvic disorder; bladderdysfunction; bowel dysfunction; and combinations thereof.

In some embodiments, the apparatus is configured to stimulate the sacralnerves S2, S3 and/or S4.

In some embodiments, the implantable system comprises at least oneimplantable lead comprising the at least one implantable functionalelement, wherein

-   -   the lead is configured to be passed through a foramen to an        anterior side of a sacrum and/or positioned inside the foramen,    -   the lead is configured to be inserted rostrally toward at least        one sacral root,    -   the lead is configured to be positioned along a sacral canal or    -   the lead is configured to be comprises positioned in a manner        selected from the group consisting of: threaded from a spinal        canal into a sacral foramen in an anterior trajectory; inserted        into the sacral canal in a caudal trajectory; inserted into the        sacral canal via a sacral hiatus in an anterograde trajectory;        and combinations thereof.

In some embodiments, the apparatus is configured to access at least onesacral nerve as it enters a spinal cord at a cauda equina.

In some embodiments, the apparatus is configured to transvascularlystimulate at least one sacral nerve.

In some embodiments, the apparatus is configured to stimulate thepudendal nerve, whererin

-   -   the apparatus is configured to position the at least one        implantable functional element proximate an ischial spine,    -   the implantable system further comprises at least one        implantable lead comprising the at least one implantable        functional element, and wherein the lead is configured to be        inserted through a vaginal wall toward the ischial spine,    -   the implantable system further comprises at least one        implantable lead comprising the at least one implantable        functional element, and wherein the lead is configured to be        inserted to a position just medial to an ischial tuberosity and        toward the ischial spine, or    -   the apparatus is configured to transvascularly stimulate the        pudendal nerve.

In some embodiments, the apparatus is configured to stimulate pudendalafferents, wherein

-   -   the apparatus is configured to stimulate pudendal afferents by        stimulating a dorsal genital nerve, or    -   the implantable system further comprises at least one        implantable lead comprising the at least one implantable        functional element, and wherein the lead is configured to be        inserted periurethrally.

In some embodiments, the apparatus is configured to treat pelvic pain,wherein the apparatus

-   -   is configured to treat at least one of interstitial cystitis or        bladder pain,    -   is configured to position the at least one implantable        functional element to stimulate at least one of peripheral        nervous system tissue or central nervous system tissue,    -   is configured to position the at least one implantable        functional element to stimulate peripheral nervous system tissue        by positioning the at least one implantable functional element        proximate tissue selected from the group consisting of: pudendal        tissue; S-2 root; S-3 root; S-4 root; and combinations thereof,    -   is configured to position the at least one implantable        functional element to stimulate central nervous system tissue by        positioning the at least one implantable functional element        proximate tissue selected from the group consisting of: lower        spinal cord tissue; s3 neural foramen; and combinations thereof,    -   is configured to treat anal pain, and wherein the apparatus is        configured to position the at least one implantable functional        element to stimulate nerve tissue selected from the group        consisting of: pudendal tissue; S-2 root; S-3 root; S-4 root;        and combinations thereof, or    -   is configured to stimulate tibial nerve tissue.

In some embodiments, the apparatus is configured to treat overactivebladder, wherein the apparatus

-   -   is configured to treat urinary incontinence,    -   is configured to the effect of overactive bladder or decrease        use of an overactive bladder medication,    -   is configured to stimulate tissue selected from the group        consisting of: central nervous system tissue; peripheral nervous        system tissue; and combinations thereof,    -   is configured to stimulate one or more nerves that at least one        of control or relate to bladder function,    -   is configured to provide a therapeutic benefit selected from the        group consisting of: to increase bladder capacity; improve        bladder emptying; reduce urge incontinence; reduce stress        incontinence; and combinations thereof,    -   is configured to stimulate at least one of tibial nerve tissue        or sacral nerve tissue,    -   is configured to modulate transmission of excitatory nerve        signals to the bladder muscles,    -   is configured to provide temporary stimulation of tissue to        treat overactive bladder,    -   is configured to stimulate at least one sphincter muscle,    -   is configured to stimulate multiple sphincter muscles,    -   includes the at least one implantable functional element which        further comprises a first implantable functional element and a        second implantable functional element, wherein the first        implantable functional element is configured to be positioned on        one side of the urethral orifice and the second implantable        functional element is configured to be positioned on the        opposite side of the urethral orifice, or    -   includes an implantable housing which is positionable in a        location selected from the group consisting of: suprapubic        region; perineum; and combinations thereof.

In some embodiments, the apparatus is configured to treat fecalincontinence, and wherein

-   -   the apparatus is configured to stimulate tissue selected from        the group consisting of: sacral nerve tissue; tissue whose        stimulation strengthens muscles of the bowel and/or rectum; and        combinations thereof,    -   the implantable device comprises at least one implantable lead        comprising the at least one implantable functional element, and        wherein the apparatus comprises positioning the at least one        implantable lead in a location selected from the group        consisting of: the pelvic girdle; the sacral foramina; the lower        back; the upper buttock; and combinations thereof, or    -   the apparatus is further configured to treat a bladder disorder.

In some embodiments, the apparatus is configured to treat a disease ordisorder selected from the group consisting of: post-amputation pain,phantom limb pain; phantom stump pain; acute and persistent stump pain;limb pain; neuroma; Morton's neuroma; neurilemoma; neurolemoma; Schwanncell tumor; phantom limb itch; phantom limb sensations; and combinationsthereof, and wherein the apparatus

-   -   comprises the capability of at least one of: delivering a high        frequency alternating current block or stimulating a nerve from        a location selected from the group consisting of: leg; arm;        sacrum; spinal cord; and combinations thereof, or    -   comprises the capability of transvascularly stimulating a nerve        from a location selected from the group consisting of: leg; arm;        and combinations thereof.

In some embodiments, the apparatus is configured to treat carpal tunnelsyndrome, and wherein the apparatus is configured to treat a disease ordisorder selected from the group consisting of: median nerve entrapment;tingling and/or numbness in fingers or hand; median nerve irritation orcompression; narrowing of the carpal tunnel; and combinations thereof.

In some embodiments, the apparatus is configured to treat erectiledysfunction, impotence; male sexual dysfunction; inability to develop ormaintain an erect penis; cardiogenic ED; vasculogenic ED; diabetic ED;neurogenic ED; traumatic ED; post-prostatectomy ED; hormonal ED;hyopogonadism; pharmacological ED, complex regional pain syndrome, CRPStype 1; CRPS type 2; reflex sympathetic dystrophy; causalgia; reflexneurovascular dystrophy; amplified musculoskeletal pain syndrome;systemic autonomic dysregulation; neurogenic edema; musculoskeletalpain; and combinations thereof.

In some embodiments, the apparatus is configured to treat a condition ofdiabetes, and wherein the apparatus is configured

-   -   to treat a disease or disorder selected from the group        consisting of: peripheral vascular disease; diabetic neuropathy;        and combinations thereof,    -   to treat a disease or disorder selected from the group        consisting of: peripheral diabetic neuropathic pain; painful        diabetic peripheral neuropathy; peripheral vascular disease;        peripheral arterial disease; peripheral artery disease; cardiac        autonomic neuropathy; diabetic autonomic neuropathy; diabetic        sensory neuropathy; diabetic motor neuropathy; diabetic        sensorimotor neuropathy; diabetic muscular atrophy; diabetic        neurovascular disease; and combinations thereof,    -   to position the at least one implantable functional element        proximate nerve tissue in a location selected from the group        consisting of: foot; leg; arm; sacrum; and combinations thereof,    -   to stimulate a spinal cord,    -   to transvascularly stimulate tissue,    -   to stimulate tibial nerve tissue.    -   to treat a diabetic malady of a foot,    -   to stimulate a tibial nerve,    -   to treat a disease or disorder selected from the group        consisting of: overactive bladder; bowel disorder; diabetic        disorder; diabetic malady of the foot; and combinations thereof,    -   to comprise at least one implantable lead comprising the at        least one implantable functional element, and wherein the at        least one implantable lead is positionable in a popliteal fossa        behind a knee, or    -   to transvascularly stimulate a tibial nerve tissue.

In some embodiments, wherein the apparatus is configured to stimulate aposterior tibial nerve and/or treat bladder voiding dysfunction.

In some embodiments, the apparatus is positionable so that the at leastone implantable functional element is able to perform retrogradestimulation of the sacral nerve plexus. Optionally, the apparatus isconfigured to restore balance between bladder inhibitory and excitatorycontrol systems.

In some embodiments, the apparatus is configured to stimulate a regionof the pelvic floor and perform a function selected from the groupconsisting of: change the reflex thresholds of the bladder musclesresponsible for bladder emptying; strengthen and/or otherwise improvethe condition of the muscles that maintain closure on the bladderoutlet; change the state of the neural pathways, musculature and/orbladder during and beyond the period stimulation; decrease the severityof urinary incontinence; and combinations thereof.

In some embodiments, the apparatus is configured for stimulatingperiurethral muscles and/or pudendal afferents.

In some embodiments, the apparatus comprises stimulating tissue of atleast one of a vagina or an anus.

In some embodiments, the apparatus comprises stimulating a vagus nerve,peroneal nerve; saphenous nerve; median nerve; ulnar nerve; radialnerve; and combinations thereof.

In some embodiments, the apparatus comprises stimulating a spinal cord,and wherein the apparatus is configured to

-   -   position the at least one implantable functional element between        T5-S5,    -   treat pain or reduced circulation of at least one of a leg or a        foot,    -   position the at least one implantable functional element between        C2 and T8,    -   treat pain or reduced circulation of at least one of an arm or a        hand,    -   position an at least one implantable lead having the at least        one implantable functional element along a midline of the spinal        cord,    -   position an at least one implantable lead having the at least        one implantable functional element at a location selected from        the group consisting of: over a dorsal column; in a gutter; in a        dorsal root entry zone; and combinations thereof,    -   position the at least one implantable functional element to span        multiple vertebral levels,    -   position the at least one implantable functional element to span        a single vertebral level,    -   position the at least one functional element to stimulate dorsal        root ganglia that supply nerve tissue selected from the group        consisting of: common peroneal; tibial; femoral; and        combinations thereof,    -   treat at least one of a leg or a foot,    -   position the at least one functional element to stimulate dorsal        root ganglia that supply nerve tissue selected from the group        consisting of: radial; median; ulnar; and combinations thereof,    -   treat at least one of an arm or a hand,    -   pass at least one implantable lead having the at least one        implantable functional element through an intervertebral        foramina,    -   stimulate tissue between T9 and T12,    -   treat back pain,    -   stimulate peripheral nerve tissue,    -   stimulate tissue between L5 and T5,    -   stimulate tissue between C5 and T1 and/or C3 and T5,    -   treat upper limb pain,    -   stimulate tissue between T9 and T1 and/or T5 and L5,    -   treat lower limb pain,    -   stimulate tissue between C7 and T1 and/or C5 and T5,    -   treat angina, or    -   visualize the patient's anatomy to place the at least one        implantable functional element.

In some embodiments, the apparatus is configured to stimulate a dorsalroot ganglion.

In some embodiments, the apparatus is configured for transvascularlystimulating tissue, and

-   -   further comprising at least one implantable lead comprising the        at least one functional element, and the at least one        implantable lead is positionable in a blood vessel selected from        the group consisting of: internal pudendal vein and/or artery;        common iliac vein and/or artery; inferior and/or superior        gluteal vein and/or artery; middle rectal, pudendal plexus        and/or internal iliac vein and/or artery; medial and/or lateral        sacral vein and/or artery; uterine and/or obturator vein and/or        artery; and combinations thereof,    -   transvascularly stimulating a nerve at a location selected from        the group consisting of: leg; foot; arm; hand; and combinations        thereof,    -   transvascularly stimulating a leg nerve selected from the group        consisting of: tibial nerve; sacral root; deep fibular nerve;        and combinations thereof,    -   transvascularly stimulating an arm nerve selected from the group        consisting of: median nerve; ulnar nerve; superior ulnar nerve;        medial cutaneous nerve; radial nerve; and combinations thereof,    -   transvascularly stimulating at least one of a median nerve, an        ulnar nerve or a radial nerve, wherein the at least one        implantable functional element comprises one or more electrodes,        and wherein the method further comprises positioning the one or        more electrodes in a blood vessel selected from the group        consisting of: brachial vein; brachial artery; basilic vein;        basilic artery; deep vein of the arm; deep artery of the arm;        and combinations thereof,    -   transvascularly stimulating at least one of a median nerve or an        ulnar nerve, wherein the at least one implantable functional        element comprises one or more electrodes, and the one or more        electrodes is positionable in a blood vessel selected from the        group consisting of: brachial vein; brachial artery; and        combinations thereof,    -   transvascularly stimulating a radial nerve, wherein the at least        one implantable functional element comprises one or more        electrodes, and the one or more electrodes are positionable in a        blood vessel selected from the group consisting of: deep vein of        arm; deep artery of arm; basilic vein; radial collateral vein;        radial collateral artery; medial collateral vein; medial        collateral artery; radial vein; radial artery; and combinations        thereof,    -   transvascularly stimulating a medial cutaneous nerve, wherein        the at least one implantable functional element comprises one or        more electrodes, and wherein the one or more electrodes are        positionable in a basilic vein,    -   transvascularly stimulating an ulnar nerve, wherein the at least        one implantable functional element comprises one or more        electrodes, and wherein the one or more electrodes are        positionable in a blood vessel selected from the group        consisting of: ulnar collateral vein; ulnar collateral artery;        ulnar vein; ulnar artery; and combinations thereof,    -   transvascularly stimulating a median nerve, wherein the at least        one implantable functional element comprises one or more        electrodes, and wherein the one or more electrodes are        positionable in a blood vessel selected from the group        consisting of: brachial vein; brachial artery; ulnar vein; ulnar        artery; and combinations thereof,    -   transvascularly stimulating a tibial nerve,    -   the at least one implantable functional element comprises one or        more electrodes, and wherein the one or more electrodes are        positionable in a blood vessel selected from the group        consisting of: popliteal artery; popliteal vein; saphenous vein;        posterior tibial artery; posterior tibial vein; and combinations        thereof,    -   further comprising at least one implantable lead comprising one        or more electrodes, and the at least one implantable lead is        positionable in at least one of a femoral artery or a femoral        vein,    -   transvascularly stimulating a deep Tibial nerve,    -   the at least one implantable functional element comprises one or        more electrodes, and wherein the one or more electrodes are        positionable in a blood vessel selected from the group        consisting of: anterior tibial vein; anterior tibial artery; and        combinations thereof,    -   transvascularly stimulating a saphenous nerve,    -   the at least one implantable functional element comprises one or        more electrodes, and wherein the one or more electrodes is        positionable in a blood vessel selected from the group        consisting of: femoral vein; femoral artery; and combinations        thereof,    -   transvascularly stimulating a sural nerve, or    -   the at least one implantable functional element comprises one or        more electrodes, and wherein the one or more electrodes is        positionable in a small saphenous vein.

In some embodiments, the apparatus is configured to deliver one or moreof:

-   -   electrical stimulation energy at a frequency of approximately        between 10 Hz and 15 Hz;    -   electrical stimulation energy at a frequency of between 5 Hz and        25 Hz;    -   electrical stimulation energy with a pulse width of        approximately between 180 μsec and 240 μsec;    -   electrical stimulation energy with a pulse width of        approximately between 10 μsec and 200 μsec;    -   electrical stimulation energy with an amplitude of approximately        0.1V to 8.5V;    -   electrical stimulation energy with a current between 0.1 mA to        10 mA;    -   electrical stimulation energy with an amplitude between 0.4V and        2.0V;    -   continuous electrical stimulation energy;    -   intermittent electrical stimulation energy;    -   intermittent electrical stimulation energy with a period between        8 seconds and 24 seconds;    -   intermittent electrical stimulation energy with an on time        between 8 seconds and 16 seconds;    -   monopolar electrical stimulation energy;    -   bipolar electrical stimulation energy; and combinations thereof.

In some embodiments, the apparatus is configured to treat a disease ordisorder selected from the group consisting of: fecal incontinence;overactive bladder; urinary incontinence; a pelvic disorder; andcombinations thereof. Optionally, the at least one implantablefunctional element comprises between two and six implantable functionalelements.

In some embodiments, the first implantable system is configured toadjust an amount of stimulation energy delivered by varying a parameterselected from the group consisting of: at least one implantablefunctional element size and/or configuration; at least one implantablefunctional element shape; shape of a generated electric field; shape ofa generated magnetic field; stimulation signal parameters; andcombinations thereof.

In some embodiments, the implantable system is configured to

-   -   provide electrical stimulation energy at a current between 0.1        mA and 15 mA,    -   provide electrical stimulation energy at a current between 0.1        mA and 12 mA,    -   provide electrical stimulation energy at a current between 0.1        mA and 10 mA,    -   perform magnetic field modulation,    -   perform a magnetic field modulation selected from the group        consisting of: targeted magnetic field neuromodulation (TMFN),        electro-magnetic field neuromodulation, such as targeted        electro-magnetic field neuromodulation (TEMFN), transcutaneous        magnetic field stimulation (TMS), and combinations thereof,    -   provide at least one of localized magnetic stimulation or        localized electrical stimulation,    -   provide by localized magnetic stimulation and localized        electrical stimulation via superposition,    -   provide a stimulation signal comprising a waveform selected from        the group consisting of: square wave; sine wave; sawtooth;        triangle wave; trapezoidal; ramp; waveform with exponential        increase; waveform with exponential decrease; pulse shape which        minimizes power consumption; Gaussian pulse shape; pulse train;        root-raised cosine; bipolar pulses; and combinations thereof,    -   provide a stimulation signal comprising a high frequency signal        modulated with a low frequency signal, or    -   provide a stimulation signal wherein the stimulation signal        comprises one or more high frequency signals that are frequency        modulated, amplitude modulated, phase modulated and/or pulse        width modulated.

In some embodiments, the implantable system comprises an implantablesensor. Optionally, the implantable sensor comprises a sensor selectedfrom the group consisting of: electrode; sensor configured to recordelectrical activity of tissue; blood glucose sensor; gas sensor; bloodgas sensor; ion concentration sensor; oxygen sensor; pressure sensor;blood pressure sensor; heart rate sensor; cardiac output sensor;inflammation sensor; neural activity sensor; neural spike sensor;muscular activity sensor; EMG sensor, bladder volume sensor, bladderpressure sensor, gastric volume sensor; peristalsis rate sensor; pHsensor; strain gauge; accelerometer; gyroscope; GPS; respiration sensor;respiration rate sensor; flow sensor; viscosity sensor; temperaturesensor; magnetic sensor; optical sensor; MEMs sensor; chemical sensor;hormone sensor; impedance sensor; tissue impedance sensor;electrode-tissue interface impedance sensor; body position sensor; bodymotion sensor; organ motion sensor; physical activity level sensor;perspiration sensor; patient hydration sensor; breath monitoring sensor;sleep monitoring sensor; food intake monitoring sensor; digestionmonitoring sensor; urine movement sensor; bowel movement sensor; tremorsensor; pain level sensor; and combinations thereof.

In some embodiments, the at least one implantable functional element isconfigured to deliver electrical energy to a location selected from thegroup consisting of: spinal cord tissue; spinal canal tissue; epiduralspace; spinal root tissue; dorsal spinal root tissue; ventral spinalroot tissue; dorsal root ganglion; nerve tissue; peripheral nervetissue; spinal nerve tissue; brain tissue, ganglia; sympathetic ganglia;parasympathetic ganglia; a plexus; and combinations thereof.

In some embodiments, the at least one implantable functional element ispositionable in a location selected from the group consisting of:epidural space; intrathecal space; outside of the dura in the epiduralspace but proximate the spine; a blood vessel; and combinations thereof.

In some embodiments, the implantable functional element comprises amagnetic field generating element. In some instances, the at least oneimplantable functional element

-   -   comprises a coil,    -   is implantable to at least partially surround tissue to be        stimulated,    -   is configured to produce a magnetic field to induce application        of mechanical energy, or    -   is positionable to stimulate DRG tissue while avoiding        stimulating ventral root tissue.

In some embodiments, the apparatus includes an implantable housing,wherein

-   -   the housing comprises a shape selected from the group consisting        of: disc; pill; cylinder; sphere; oblate spheroid; tombstone or        elongated “D” shape; dish-like shape; bowl-like shape; cone;        rectangular prism; trapezoidal prism; a portion of a toroid; and        combinations thereof,    -   the housing comprises a material selected from the group        consisting of: glass; ceramic; stainless steel; titanium;        polyurethane; an organic compound; liquid crystal polymer (LCP);        gold; platinum; tungsten; epoxy; a thermoplastic; a thermoset        plastic; and combinations thereof    -   at least one implantable antenna is positionable within the        implantable housing, or    -   at least one implantable antenna is positionable outside the        implantable housing.

In some embodiments, the implantable system further comprises at leastone flange attached to an implantable housing, wherein

-   -   the at least one flange comprises at least a flexible portion,    -   the at least one flange comprises at least a rigid portion,    -   the at least one flange comprises an anchor element.    -   the at least one flange comprises an element selected from the        group consisting of: antenna; conductive sheet; conductive        surface; conductive element; capacitor; supercapacitor; energy        storage element; and combinations thereof,    -   the at least one flange comprises a conductive element        configured to improve transmission of at least one of power or        data between the first implantable device and the first external        device, or    -   the at least one flange comprises an electrically isolated        component.

In some embodiments, wherein the implantable system comprises animplantable energy storage assembly configured to provide stimulationenergy when power provided by the external system is interrupted.

In some embodiments, the implantable system is configured to providecardiac resynchronization therapy.

In some embodiments, the implantable system comprises an implantablecontroller configured to control a parameter selected from the groupconsisting of: a direct current (DC) parameter such as amplitude ofvoltage and/or current; amplitude; frequency; pulse width; inter-pulseinterval (e.g. random, varied or constant); an amplitude modulationparameter; a frequency modulation parameter; anode/cathodeconfiguration; voltage; current; pulse shape; a duty cycle parametersuch as frequency, pulse width or off time; polarity; drive impedance;energy storage capacity; and combinations thereof.

In some embodiments, the external system comprises an external sensorconfigured to record a patient parameter selected from the groupconsisting of: blood glucose; blood pressure; EKG; heart rate; cardiacoutput; oxygen level; pH level; pH of blood; pH of a bodily fluids;tissue temperature; inflammation level; bacteria level; type of bacteriapresent; gas level; blood gas level; neural activity; neural spikes;neural spike shape; action potential; local field potential (LFP); EEG;muscular activity; skeletal muscle activity; bladder volume; bladderpressure; gastric volume; peristalsis rate; impedance; tissue impedance;electrode-tissue interface impedance; physical activity level; painlevel; body position; body motion; organ motion; respiration rate;respiration level; perspiration rate; sleep level; sleep cycle;digestion state; digestion level; urine production; urine flow; bowelmovement; tremor; ion concentration; chemical concentration; hormonelevel; viscosity of a bodily fluid; patient hydration level; andcombinations thereof.

In some embodiments, the one or more transmission signals comprises asignal having a frequency

-   -   between 0.01 GHz and 10.6 GHz,    -   between 0.01 GHz and 0.1 GHz,    -   between 0.1 GHz and 3.0 GHz,    -   between 0.1 GHz and 10.6 GHz,    -   between 0.4 GHz and 1.5 GHz,    -   between 0.902 GHz and 0.928 GHz,    -   between 40.66 MHz and 40.7 MHz,    -   of approximately 866 MHz or    -   between 863 MHz and 870 MHz.

In some embodiments, the medical apparatus further comprises animplantation tool.

In some embodiments, the implantation tool comprises a cannulaconfigured to surround at least one implantable lead having the at leastone function element and penetrate through tissue of the patient whilesurrounding the at least one implantable lead.

In some embodiments, the cannula comprises a peel-away cannula, andwherein the cannula is removable from the at least one implantable leadby peeling apart the cannula.

In some embodiments, the cannula comprises a first portion comprising afirst opening and a second portion comprising a second opening, whereinthe first portion surrounds the second portion, and wherein the cannulais laterally removable from the at least one implantable lead afterrotating the first portion relative to the second portion to align thefirst opening with the second opening. Optionally, the first portioncomprises a larger radius of curvature than the second portion. In someembodiments, the cannula comprises a first portion and a second portionconfigured to mechanically engage the first portion, and the cannula islaterally removable from the at least one implantable lead aftermechanically disengaging the first portion from the second portion. Insome embodiments, the first portion comprises a similar radius ofcurvature as the second portion. In some embodiments, the implantationtool comprises a component selected from the group consisting of:penetrating element; cannula; stiffening element; stylet; andcombinations thereof.

In some embodiments, the medical apparatus further comprises a patientattachment device. Optionally, the patient attachment device comprises adevice selected from the group consisting of: belt; belt with pockets;belt with adhesive, adhesive; strap; strap with pockets; strap withadhesive shoulder strap; shoulder band; shirt; shirt with pockets;clothing; clothing with pockets; epidural electronics packaging; clip;bracelet; wrist band; wrist watch; anklet; ankle bracelet; knee strap;knee band; thigh strap; thigh band; necklace; hat; headband; collar;glasses; goggles; earpiece; behind-the-earpiece; and combinationsthereof.

In some embodiments, wherein the medical apparatus further comprises adiagnostic assembly. In some instances, the diagnostic assembly isconfigured to assess the link between at least one implantable antennaand at least one external antenna.

In some embodiments, the diagnostic assembly is configured to

-   -   detect the presence and/or operation of the implantable system,    -   assess at least one of a charge or discharge rate of an        implantable energy storage assembly,    -   assess the frequency of a voltage-controller oscillator that is        driven by an unregulated voltage of a power converter of the        implantable energy storage assembly,    -   assess impedance of at least one of at least one external        antenna or at least one implantable antenna,    -   assess impedance by performing a function selected from the        group consisting of: performing a frequency sweep; performing an        impulse response; comparing voltage and current of a waveform;        and combinations thereof, or    -   adjust a matching network based on the assessed impedance of the        at least one external antenna or the at least one implantable        antenna.

In some embodiments, the at least one implantable functional elementcomprises at least one electrode. In some instances, the at least oneelectrode comprises one or more electrodes selected from the groupconsisting of: microelectrode; cuff electrode; array of electrodes;linear array of electrodes; circular array of electrodes; paddle-shapedarray of electrodes; bifurcated electrodes; and combinations thereof.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The foregoing and other objects, features and advantages of embodimentsof the present inventive concepts will be apparent from the moreparticular description of preferred embodiments, as illustrated in theaccompanying drawings in which like reference characters refer to thesame or like elements. The drawings are not necessarily to scale,emphasis instead being placed upon illustrating the principles of thepreferred embodiments.

FIG. 1 is a schematic anatomical view of a medical apparatus comprisingan external system and an implantable system, consistent with thepresent inventive concepts.

FIG. 2 is a schematic anatomical view of a medical apparatus comprisingmultiple external devices and multiple implantable devices, consistentwith the present inventive concepts.

FIGS. 3A, 3B and 3C are an anatomical schematic of a human spine, asectional anatomical view of a lead being inserted into the epiduralspace of a spine, and a sectional anatomical view of a lead insertedinto the epidural space of a spine, respectively, consistent with thepresent inventive concepts.

FIG. 4 is an anatomical view of a medical apparatus comprising anexternal device and two implantable devices, each implantable deviceincluding a lead implanted along a portion of a spine, consistent withthe present inventive concepts.

FIG. 5 is an anatomical view of a medical apparatus comprising anexternal device and two operatively connected implantable devices, eachimplantable device including a lead implanted along a portion of aspine, consistent with the present inventive concepts.

FIG. 6 is an anatomical view of a medical apparatus comprising anexternal device and two implantable devices, each implantable deviceincluding a lead implanted in a staggered arrangement along a portion ofa spine, consistent with the present inventive concepts.

FIG. 7 is an anatomical view of a medical apparatus comprising anexternal device and two implantable devices, each implantable deviceincluding a lead implanted to stimulate dorsal root ganglia, consistentwith the present inventive concepts.

FIG. 8 is an anatomical view of a medical apparatus comprising anexternal device and two implantable devices, each implantable deviceincluding a lead comprising advanceable functional elements, consistentwith the present inventive concepts.

FIG. 9 is an anatomical view of a medical apparatus comprising anexternal device and two implantable devices, each implantable deviceincluding a lead implanted to stimulate muscle tissue of the spine,consistent with the present inventive concepts.

FIG. 10 is an anatomical schematic of a human pelvis and an anatomicalview of a medical apparatus for treating pelvic pain and comprising anexternal device and an implantable device, consistent with the presentinventive concepts.

FIG. 11 is an anatomical view of a medical apparatus for stimulatingperipheral nerves and comprising an external device and an implantabledevice, consistent with the present inventive concepts.

FIG. 12 is an anatomical view of a medical apparatus comprising multipleexternal devices and multiple implantable devices, each implantabledevice including a lead implanted as part of a pre-determined leadpattern, consistent with the present inventive concepts.

FIG. 13 is an anatomical view of a medical apparatus comprising a singleexternal device and multiple implantable devices, each implantabledevice including a lead implanted as part of a pre-determined leadpattern, consistent with the present inventive concepts.

FIGS. 14A and 14B are an exploded view and an assembled view of animplantable device comprising an implantable housing surroundingmultiple antennas and various electrical components, consistent with thepresent inventive concepts.

FIG. 14C is a perspective view of the implantable device 200 of FIGS.14A and 14B, further comprising a lead 265, consistent with the presentinventive concepts.

FIG. 15 is a perspective view of an implantable device comprising ahousing, from which extend a lead and an antenna, consistent with thepresent inventive concepts.

FIG. 16 is a perspective view of an implantable device comprising ahousing, from which extends a bifurcated lead, consistent with thepresent inventive concepts.

FIG. 17 is a perspective view of an implantable device comprising ahousing including two connectors, consistent with the present inventiveconcepts.

FIG. 18 is a perspective view of an implantable device comprising twohousings connected by a connecting filament, consistent with the presentinventive concepts.

FIGS. 19A-D is a set of configurations for implantable devicescomprising a housing including an extending flap, consistent with thepresent inventive concepts.

FIG. 20 is an anatomical view of a medical apparatus comprising anexternal device and an implantable device, the implantable deviceconfigured to perform magnetic stimulation of tissue, consistent withthe present inventive concepts.

FIG. 20A is a perspective view of a functional element comprising anarray of electrodes, consistent with the present inventive concepts.

FIG. 20B is a side view of a functional element comprising a coil,consistent with the present inventive concepts.

FIG. 20C is side view of a functional element comprising a solenoidcoil, consistent with the present inventive concepts.

FIG. 20D is a side view of a functional element comprising a toroidcoil, consistent with the present inventive concepts.

FIG. 20E is a side view of a functional element comprising a brokentoroid coil, consistent with the present inventive concepts.

FIG. 21 is a schematic view of an apparatus comprising an externaldevice, an implantable device and a tool for implanting the implantabledevice, consistent with the present inventive concepts.

FIGS. 22A-22E are a series of side views of a method of implanting animplantable device using a kit of implantation tools including apeel-away introducer, consistent with the present inventive concepts.

FIGS. 23A-23E are a series of perspective and end sectional views of amethod of implanting an implantable device using a kit of implantationtools including a cannula with an inner and outer portion, consistentwith the present inventive concepts.

FIG. 24 is an end sectional view of an alternatively embodiment of thecannula of FIGS. 23A-E.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particularembodiments and is not intended to be limiting of the inventiveconcepts. Furthermore, embodiments of the present inventive concepts mayinclude several novel features, no single one of which is solelyresponsible for its desirable attributes or which is essential topracticing an inventive concept described herein. As used herein, thesingular forms “a,” “an” and “the” are intended to include the pluralforms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise.

It will be further understood that the words “comprising” (and any formof comprising, such as “comprise” and “comprises”), “having” (and anyform of having, such as “have” and “has”), “including” (and any form ofincluding, such as “includes” and “include”) or “containing” (and anyform of containing, such as “contains” and “contain”) when used herein,specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations,elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence oraddition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations,elements, components, and/or groups thereof.

It will be understood that, although the terms first, second, third etc.may be used herein to describe various limitations, elements,components, regions, layers and/or sections, these limitations,elements, components, regions, layers and/or sections should not belimited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish onelimitation, element, component, region, layer or section from anotherlimitation, element, component, region, layer or section. Thus, a firstlimitation, element, component, region, layer or section discussed belowcould be termed a second limitation, element, component, region, layeror section without departing from the teachings of the presentapplication.

It will be further understood that when an element is referred to asbeing “on”, “attached”, “connected” or “coupled” to another element, itcan be directly on or above, or connected or coupled to, the otherelement, or one or more intervening elements can be present. Incontrast, when an element is referred to as being “directly on”,“directly attached”, “directly connected” or “directly coupled” toanother element, there are no intervening elements present. Other wordsused to describe the relationship between elements should be interpretedin a like fashion (e.g. “between” versus “directly between,” “adjacent”versus “directly adjacent,” etc.). A first component (e.g. a device,assembly, housing or other component) can be “attached”, “connected” or“coupled” to another component via a connecting filament (as definedbelow). In some embodiments, an assembly comprising multiple componentsconnected by one or more connecting filaments is created during amanufacturing process (e.g. pre-connected at the time of an implantationprocedure of the system of the present inventive concepts).Alternatively or additionally, a connecting filament can comprise one ormore connectors (e.g. a connectorized filament comprising a connector onone or both ends), and a similar assembly can be created by a user (e.g.a clinician) operably attaching the one or more connectors of theconnecting filament to one or more mating connectors of one or morecomponents of the assembly.

It will be further understood that when a first element is referred toas being “in”, “on” and/or “within” a second element, the first elementcan be positioned: within an internal space of the second element,within a portion of the second element (e.g. within a wall of the secondelement); positioned on an external and/or internal surface of thesecond element; and combinations of one or more of these.

Spatially relative terms, such as “beneath,” “below,” “lower,” “above,”“upper” and the like may be used to describe an element and/or feature'srelationship to another element(s) and/or feature(s) as, for example,illustrated in the figures. It will be understood that the spatiallyrelative terms are intended to encompass different orientations of thedevice in use and/or operation in addition to the orientation depictedin the figures. For example, if the device in a figure is turned over,elements described as “below” and/or “beneath” other elements orfeatures would then be oriented “above” the other elements or features.The device can be otherwise oriented (e.g. rotated 90 degrees or atother orientations) and the spatially relative descriptors used hereininterpreted accordingly.

The term “and/or” where used herein is to be taken as specificdisclosure of each of the two specified features or components with orwithout the other. For example “A and/or B” is to be taken as specificdisclosure of each of (i) A, (ii) B and (iii) A and B, just as if eachis set out individually herein.

As described herein, “room pressure” shall mean pressure of theenvironment surrounding the systems and devices of the present inventiveconcepts. Positive pressure includes pressure above room pressure orsimply a pressure that is greater than another pressure, such as apositive differential pressure across a fluid pathway component such asa valve. Negative pressure includes pressure below room pressure or apressure that is less than another pressure, such as a negativedifferential pressure across a fluid component pathway such as a valve.Negative pressure can include a vacuum but does not imply a pressurebelow a vacuum. As used herein, the term “vacuum” can be used to referto a full or partial vacuum, or any negative pressure as describedhereabove.

The term “diameter” where used herein to describe a non-circulargeometry is to be taken as the diameter of a hypothetical circleapproximating the geometry being described. For example, when describinga cross section, such as the cross section of a component, the term“diameter” shall be taken to represent the diameter of a hypotheticalcircle with the same cross sectional area as the cross section of thecomponent being described.

The terms “major axis” and “minor axis” of a component where used hereinare the length and diameter, respectively, of the smallest volumehypothetical cylinder which can completely surround the component.

The term “transducer” where used herein is to be taken to include anycomponent or combination of components that receives energy or anyinput, and produces an output. For example, a transducer can include anelectrode that receives electrical energy, and distributes theelectrical energy to tissue (e.g. based on the size of the electrode).In some configurations, a transducer converts an electrical signal intoany output, such light (e.g. a transducer comprising a light emittingdiode or light bulb), sound (e.g. a transducer comprising a piezocrystal configured to deliver ultrasound energy), pressure, heat energy,cryogenic energy, chemical energy; mechanical energy (e.g. a transducercomprising a motor or a solenoid), magnetic energy, and/or a differentelectrical signal (e.g. a Bluetooth or other wireless communicationelement). Alternatively or additionally, a transducer can convert aphysical quantity (e.g. variations in a physical quantity) into anelectrical signal. A transducer can include any component that deliversenergy and/or an agent to tissue, such as a transducer configured todeliver one or more of: electrical energy to tissue (e.g. a transducercomprising one or more electrodes); light energy to tissue (e.g. atransducer comprising a laser, light emitting diode and/or opticalcomponent such as a lens or prism); mechanical energy to tissue (e.g. atransducer comprising a tissue manipulating element); sound energy totissue (e.g. a transducer comprising a piezo crystal); chemical energy;electromagnetic energy; magnetic energy; and combinations of one or moreof these.

The term “transmission signal” where used herein is to be taken toinclude any signal transmitted between two components, such as via awired or wireless communication pathway. For example, a transmissionsignal can comprise a power and/or data signal wirelessly transmittedbetween a component external to the patient and one or more componentsimplanted in the patient. A transmission signal can include a signaltransmitted using body conduction. Alternatively or additionally, atransmission signal can comprise reflected energy, such as energyreflected from any power and/or data signal.

The term “data signal” where used herein is to be taken to include atransmission signal including at least data. For example, a data signalcan comprise a transmission signal including data and sent from acomponent external to the patient and one or more components implantedin the patient. Alternatively, a data signal can comprise a transmissionsignal including data sent from an implanted component to one or morecomponents external to the patient. A data signal can comprise aradiofrequency signal including data (e.g. a radiofrequency signalincluding both power and data) and/or a data signal sent using bodyconduction.

The term “implantable” where used herein is to be taken to define acomponent which is constructed and arranged to be fully or partiallyimplanted in a patient's body and/or a component that has been fully orpartially implanted in a patient. The term “external” where used hereinis to be taken to define a component which is constructed and arrangedto be positioned outside of the patient's body.

The terms “connection”, “connected”, “connecting” and the like, whereused herein, are to be taken to include any type of connection betweentwo or more components. The connection can include an operableconnection which allows multiple connected components to operatetogether such as to transfer information, power and/or material (e.g. anagent to be delivered) between the components. An operable connectioncan include a physical connection, such as a physical connectionincluding one or more wires, optical fibers, wave guides, tubes such asfluid transport tubes and/or linkages such as translatable rods or othermechanical linkages. Alternatively or additionally, an operableconnection can include a non-physical or “wireless” connection, such asa wireless connection in which information and/or power is transmittedbetween components using electromagnetic energy. A connection caninclude a connection selected from the group consisting of: a wiredconnection; a wireless connection; an electrical connection; amechanical connection; an optical connection; a sound propagatingconnection; a fluid connection; and combinations of one or more ofthese.

The term “connecting filament” where used herein is to be taken todefine a filament connecting a first component to a second component.The connecting filament can include a connector on one or both ends,such as to allow a user to operably attach at least one end of thefilament to a component. A connecting filament can comprise one or moreelements selected from the group consisting of: wires; optical fibers;fluid transport tubes; mechanical linkages; wave guides; flexiblecircuits; and combinations of one or more of these. A connectingfilament can comprise rigid filament, a flexible filament or it cancomprise one or more flexible portions and one or more rigid portions.

The term “connectorized” where used herein is to be taken to refer to afilament, housing or other component that includes one or moreconnectors (e.g. clinician or other user-attachable connectors) foroperably connecting that component to a mating connector (e.g. of thesame or different component).

It is appreciated that certain features of the invention, which are, forclarity, described in the context of separate embodiments, may also beprovided in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, variousfeatures of the invention which are, for brevity, described in thecontext of a single embodiment, may also be provided separately or inany suitable sub-combination. For example, it will be appreciated thatall features set out in any of the claims (whether independent ordependent) can be combined in any given way.

The present inventive concepts include a medical apparatus and clinicalmethods for treating a patient, and/or recording patient information.The patient can comprise a human or other mammalian patient. The medicalapparatus can comprise a stimulation apparatus. The medical apparatuscomprises an implantable system and an external system. The implantablesystem can comprise one or more similar and/or dissimilar implantabledevices. Each implantable device can comprise one or more implantableantennas configured to receive power and/or data. Each implantabledevice can comprise an implantable receiver configured to receive thepower and/or data from the one or more implantable antennas. Eachimplantable device can comprise one or more implantable functionalelements. An implantable functional element can be configured tointerface with the patient (e.g. interface with tissue or the patient orany patient location). Alternatively or additionally, an implantablefunctional element can interface with a portion of an implantabledevice. In some embodiments, the one or more implantable functionalelements can comprise one or more transducers, electrodes, and/or otherelements configured to deliver energy to tissue. Alternatively oradditionally, the one or more implantable functional elements cancomprise one or more sensors, such as a sensor configured to record aphysiologic parameter of the patient. In some embodiments, one or moreimplantable functional elements are configured to record deviceinformation and/or patient information (e.g. patient physiologic orpatient environment information).

Each implantable device can comprise an implantable controllerconfigured to control (e.g. modulate power to, send a signal to and/orreceive a signal from) the one or more implantable functional elements.In some embodiments, an implantable controller of a first implantabledevice is configured to control one or more other implantable devices.Each implantable device can comprise an implantable energy storageassembly configured to provide power to the implantable controller, theimplantable receiver and/or the one or more implantable functionalelements. In some embodiments, an implantable energy storage assembly isfurther configured to provide power to an implantable antenna (e.g. whenthe implantable device is further configured to transmit data to one ormore external devices). Each implantable device can comprise animplantable housing surrounding at least the implantable controller andthe implantable receiver. In some embodiments, one or more implantableantennas are positioned within the implantable housing. Alternatively oradditionally, one or more implantable antennas and/or implantablefunctional elements can be tethered (e.g. electrically tethered) to theimplantable housing. In some embodiments, one or more implantablefunctional elements are positioned on an implantable lead, such as aflexible lead mechanically fixed or attachable to the implantablehousing and operably connected (e.g. electrically, fluidly, opticallyand/or mechanically) to one or more components internal to theimplantable housing. The implantable lead can be inserted (e.g.tunneled) through tissue of the patient, such that its one or morefunctional elements are positioned proximate tissue to be treated and/orpositioned at an area in which data is to be recorded.

The external system of the medical apparatus of the present inventiveconcepts can comprise one or more similar and/or dissimilar externaldevices. Each external device can comprise one or more external antennasconfigured to transmit power and/or data to one or more implantedcomponents of the implantable system. Each external device can comprisean external transmitter configured to drive the one or more externalantennas. Each external device can comprise an external power supplyconfigured to provide power to at least the external transmitter. Eachexternal device can comprise an external controller configured tocontrol the external transmitter. Each external device can comprise anexternal housing surround at least the external transmitter. In someembodiments, the external housing surrounds the one or more externalantennas, the external power supply and/or the external controller.

The external controller can comprise a discrete controller separate fromthe one or more external devices, and/or a controller integrated intoone or more external devices. The external controller can comprise auser interface, such as a user interface configured to set and/or modifyone or more treatment and/or data recording settings of the medicalapparatus of the present inventive concepts. In some embodiments, theexternal controller can be configured to collect and/or diagnoserecorded patient information, such as to provide the information and/ordiagnosis to a clinician of the patient, to a patient family memberand/or to the patient themselves. The collected information and/ordiagnosis can be used to adjust treatment or other operating parametersof the medical apparatus.

In some embodiments, a medical apparatus comprises a stimulationapparatus for activating, blocking, affecting or otherwise stimulating(hereinafter “stimulate” or “stimulating”) tissue of a patient, such asnerve tissue or nerve root tissue (hereinafter “nerve”, “nerves”, “nervetissue” or “nervous system tissue”). The stimulation apparatus comprisesan external system configured to transmit power, and an implanted systemconfigured to receive the power from the external system and to deliverstimulation energy to tissue. The stimulation signal (also referred toas “stimulation energy”) delivered by the implanted system can beindependent of the power received from the external system, such as tobe independent of one or more of: the position of one or more componentsof the external system; the changing position of one or more componentsof the external system; the frequency of the power received from theexternal system; the amplitude of the power received from the externalsystem; changes in amplitude of the power received from the externalsystem; duty cycle of the power received from the external system;envelope of the power received from the external system; andcombinations of one or more of these.

Referring now to FIG. 1 , a schematic anatomical view of a medicalapparatus for treating and/or diagnosing a patient is illustrated,consistent with the present inventive concepts. Apparatus 10 comprisesimplantable system 20 and external system 50. Implantable system 20comprises implantable device 200 shown implanted beneath the skin ofpatient P. In some embodiments, implantable system 20 comprises multipleimplantable devices 200 (singly or collectively implantable device 200),such as is described herebelow in reference to FIG. 2 . External system50 comprises external device 500 which includes housing 510. In someembodiments, external system 50 comprises multiple external devices 500(singly or collectively external device 500), also as is describedherebelow in reference to FIG. 2 . External system 50 can furthercomprise controller 550, which can comprise a user interface, such asuser interface 555. Controller 550 is configured to control one or moreexternal devices 500.

Apparatus 10 can comprise a patient treatment apparatus, such as astimulation apparatus configured to stimulate tissue (e.g. stimulatenerve tissue such as tissue of the central nervous system or tissue ofthe peripheral nervous system, such as to neuromodulate nerve tissue),such as by having one or more implantable devices 200 deliver and/orprovide energy (hereinafter “deliver energy”) and/or deliver an agent(e.g. a pharmaceutical compound or other agent) to one or more tissuelocations, while receiving power and/or data from one or more externaldevices 500. Alternatively or additionally, apparatus 10 can comprise apatient diagnostic apparatus, such as by having one or more implantabledevices 200 record a patient parameter (e.g. a patient physiologicparameter) from one or more tissue locations, while receiving powerand/or data from one or more external devices 500. In some embodiments,during its use, one or more implantable devices 200 at least receivespower from one or more external devices 500. Alternatively oradditionally, apparatus 10 can comprise a patient information recordingapparatus, such as by having one or more implantable devices 200 and/orone or more external devices 500 record patient information (e.g.patient physiologic information and/or patient environment information).In some embodiments, one or more implantable devices 200 and/or one ormore external devices 500 further collect information (e.g. statusinformation or configuration settings) of one or more of the componentsof apparatus 10.

In some embodiments, apparatus 10 is configured to deliver stimulationenergy to tissue (e.g. nerve tissue). The delivered energy can compriseenergy selected from the group consisting of: electrical energy;magnetic energy; electromagnetic energy; light energy such as infraredlight energy; visible light energy and/or ultraviolet light energy;mechanical energy; thermal energy such as heat energy and/or cryogenicenergy; sound energy such as ultrasonic sound energy (e.g. highintensity focused ultrasound and/or low intensity focused ultrasound)and/or subsonic sound energy; chemical energy; and combinations of oneor more of these. In some embodiments, apparatus 10 is configured todeliver to tissue one or more of: electrical energy such as by providinga controlled (e.g. constant or otherwise controlled) electrical currentand/or voltage to tissue; magnetic energy (e.g. magnetic field energy)such as by applying controlled current or voltage to a coil or othermagnetic field generating element positioned proximate tissue; and/orelectromagnetic energy such as by providing both current to tissue and amagnetic field to tissue. The coil or other magnetic field generatingelement can surround (e.g. at least partially surround) the target nerveand/or it can be incorporated as part of an anchoring system to thetarget tissue. Alternatively or additionally, the magnetic energy can beapplied externally and focused to specific target tissue via an implantcomprising a coil and/or ferromagnetic materials. In some embodiments,the magnetic energy is configured to induce the application ofmechanical energy.

In some embodiments, apparatus 10 is configured as a stimulationapparatus in which external system 50 transmits a power signal toimplantable system 20, and implantable system 20 delivers stimulationenergy to tissue with a stimulation signal, with the power signal andthe stimulation signal having one or more different characteristics. Thepower signal can further be modulated with data (e.g. configuration orother data to be sent to one or more implantable devices 200). In theseembodiments, the characteristics of the stimulation signal (delivered(e.g. amplitude, frequency, duty cycle and/or pulse width), can beindependent (e.g. partially or completely independent) of thecharacteristics of the power signal (e.g. amplitude, frequency, phase,envelope, duty cycle and/or modulation). For example, the frequency andmodulation of the power signal can change without affecting thestimulation signal, or the stimulation signal can be changed (e.g. viacontroller 550), without requiring the power signal to change. In someembodiments, implantable system 20 can be configured to rectify thepower signal, and produce a stimulation waveform with entirely differentcharacteristics (e.g. amplitude, frequency and/or duty cycle) from therectified power signal. Implantable system 20 can comprise an oscillatorand/or controller configured to produce the stimulation signal. In someembodiments, implantable system 20 can be configured to performfrequency multiplication, in which multiple signals are multiplexed,mixed, added, and/or combined in other ways to produce a broadbandstimulation signal.

In some embodiments, apparatus 10 is configured such that externalsystem 50 transmits data (e.g. data and power) to implantable system 20,and implantable system 20 recovers (e.g. decodes, demodulates orotherwise recovers) the transmitted data without synchronizing to thecarrier and/or data symbol rate of the transmitted signal from externalsystem 50. In some embodiments, the transmitted signal comprises a powersignal, and a clock and/or data is recovered without synchronizing tothe power signal. In some embodiments, the transmitted signal comprisesa clock and/or data signal, and a clock and/or data is recovered withoutsynchronizing to the transmitted clock and/or data signal. In someembodiments, the recovered signal comprises a clock and/or data and aclock and/or data is recovered from the transmission signal withoutsynchronizing to the recovered clock and/or data. Avoidingsynchronization reduces power consumption of each implantable device200, such as by obviating the need for (and avoiding the power consumedby) a frequency locked loop (FLL), phase locked loop (PLL); highfrequency clock; and/or crystal oscillator needed to perform thesynchronization. Avoiding these components can also be correlated toreduced package size of each implantable device 200 (e.g. avoidance of arelatively large sized crystal oscillator). Asynchronous data transferbetween external system 50 and implantable system 20 is alsoadvantageous as it relates to: increased communication data rate; powertransfer efficiency; operation with more than one implantable device200; and combinations of one or more of these. In some embodiments, oneor more components of apparatus 10 are of similar construction andarrangement as similar components described in U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 13/591,188, titled “Method of Making and Using an Apparatus fora Locomotive Micro-Implant using Active Electromagnetic Propulsion”,filed Aug. 21, 2012, the content of which is incorporated herein byreference in its entirety. In some embodiments, external system 50 andimplantable system 20 provide asynchronous data transfer or areotherwise configured as described in U.S. patent application Ser. No.13/734,772, titled “Method and Apparatus for Efficient Communicationwith Implantable Devices”, filed Jan. 4, 2013, the content of which isincorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

Apparatus 10 can be configured to treat a patient disease or disorderand/or it can be configured to record patient information. Apparatus 10can be configured to treat pain, such as back pain. In some embodiments,apparatus 10 is configured to treat pain type from the group consistingof: back pain; joint pain; neuropathic pain; tennis elbow; muscle pain;shoulder pain; chronic, intractable pain of the back and/or lower limbsincluding unilateral or bilateral pain; neuropathic groin pain; perinealpain; phantom limb pain; complex regional pain syndrome; failed backsurgery syndrome; cluster headaches; migraines; inflammatory pain;arthritis; abdominal pain; pelvic pain; and combinations of one or moreof these. In some embodiments, apparatus 10 is configured to treat apatient disease or disorder selected from the group consisting of:chronic pain; acute pain; migraine; cluster headaches; urgeincontinence; fecal incontinence; bowel disorders; tremor; obsessivecompulsive disorder; depression; epilepsy; inflammation; tinnitus; highblood pressure; heart failure; carpal tunnel syndrome; sleep apnea;obstructive sleep apnea; dystonia; interstitial cystitis; gastroparesis;obesity; mobility issues; arrhythmia; rheumatoid arthritis; dementia;Alzheimer's disease; eating disorder; addiction; traumatic brain injury;chronic angina; congestive heart failure; muscle atrophy; inadequatebone growth; post-laminectomy pain; liver disease; Crohn's disease;irritable bowel syndrome; erectile dysfunction; kidney disease; andcombinations of one or more of these.

Apparatus 10 can be configured to treat heart disease, such as heartfailure of a patient. In these embodiments, stimulation of spinal cordcan be performed. In canine and porcine animals with failing hearts,spinal cord stimulation has been shown to reverse left ventriculardilation and improve cardiac function, while suppressing the prevalenceof cardiac arrhythmias. In canines, coronary artery occlusion has beenassociated with increased intracardiac nerve firing, and stimulation atspinal segment T1 has been shown to suppress that nerve firing.Stimulation via apparatus 10 at one or more spinal cord locations can beused to suppress undesired cardiac nerve firing in humans and othermammalian patients. In some embodiments, stimulation via apparatus 10 atmultiple spinal cord locations is used to enhance a cardiac treatment.For example, one or more functional elements 260 of one or moreimplantable devices 200 can be implanted at one or more spinallocations. Power and/or data can be transmitted to the one or moreimplantable devices 200 via one or more external devices 500 of externalsystem 50. One or more stimulation signals can be delivered to spinalcord tissue, such as to treat heart failure or other cardiac disease ordisorder. In some embodiments, one or more functional elements 260 areconfigured to deliver energy (e.g. electrical energy) to tissue to treatheart failure, such as tissue selected from the group consisting of:spinal canal; nerves in the spinal canal; nerves in the epidural space;peripheral nerves; posterior spinal nerve root; dorsal root; dorsal rootganglion; pre-ganglionic tissue on posterior spinal nerve root;post-ganglionic tissue on posterior nerve root; dorsal ramus; grey ramuscommunicans; white ramus communicans; ventral ramus; and combinations ofone or more of these. In some embodiments, one or more functionalelements of apparatus 10 (e.g. one or more functional elements 260 ofimplantable system 20) are used to record a patient parameter, such as apatient heart or spine parameter, and the information recorded is usedto adjust the delivered stimulation signals. The at least one heartparameter can comprise a parameter selected from the group consistingof: EKG; blood oxygen; blood pressure; heart rate; ejection fraction;wedge pressure; cardiac output; and combinations thereof.

Apparatus 10 can be configured to pace and/or defibrillate the heart ofa patient. One or more functional elements 260 can be positionedproximate cardiac tissue and deliver a stimulation signal as describedherein (e.g. based on power and/or data received by implantable system20 from external system 50). The stimulation signal can be used to pace,defibrillate and/or otherwise stimulate the heart. Alternatively oradditionally, apparatus 10 can be configured to record cardiac activity(e.g. by recording EKG, blood oxygen, blood pressure, heart rate,ejection fraction, wedge pressure, cardiac output and/or otherproperties or functions of the cardiovascular system), such as todetermine an onset of cardiac activity dysfunction or other undesiredcardiac state. In some embodiments, apparatus 10 is configured to bothrecord cardiac information and deliver a stimulation signal to cardiactissue. For example, apparatus 10 can be configured such that externalsystem 50 transmits power and/or data to implantable system 20.Implantable system 20 monitors cardiac activity, and upon detection ofan undesired cardiovascular state, implantable system 20 deliver apacing and/or defibrillation signal to the tissue that is adjacent toone or more functional elements 260 configured to deliver a cardiacstimulation signal.

Apparatus 10 can be configured to perform a diagnostic procedureincluding measuring of one or more patient parameters (e.g. patientphysiologic or other patient parameters), such as are described indetail herebelow. In some embodiments, apparatus 10 is configured tomeasure a physiologic parameter that can be sensed from one or moresensor-based functional elements 260 positioned in subcutaneous tissue.In these embodiments, external system 50 can comprise an external device500 configured for placement proximate an implantable device 200implanted in a position to record data from subcutaneous tissue (e.g.blood glucose data). The external device 500 can comprise a wrist band,a wrist watch or an arm band configuration such as when the implantabledevice 200 is positioned in subcutaneous tissue proximate the patient'swrist or upper arm. The external device 500 can comprise a leg or ankleband configuration, such as when one or more implantable devices 200 arepositioned in subcutaneous tissue proximate the patient's ankle, knee orthigh. Power and/or data can be sent to the implantable device 200 fromthe external device 500, and data (e.g. blood glucose data) can be sentto external device 500 (or another component of external system 50) byimplantable device 200, such as using a communication configurationdescribed in detail herebelow. In some embodiments, external device 500comprises a functional element 560 configured to deliver an agent (e.g.insulin or glucose delivered by a needle-based functional element 560),based on the information received from implantable device 200.Alternatively or additionally, implantable device 200 comprises afunctional element 260 configured to deliver an agent (e.g. insulin orglucose delivered by a needle-based functional element 260), based onthe information recorded by implantable device 200. Various closed loopsensing and agent delivery combinations and configurations should beconsidered within the spirit and scope of the present inventiveconcepts, including but not limited to: sensing a blood parameter suchas white blood cell count and delivering a chemotherapeutic or otheragent based on the blood parameter; sensing a hormone level anddelivering a hormone or a hormone affecting agent; sensing bloodpressure and delivering stimulation energy and/or a blood pressureaffecting agent; sensing neural activity and delivering stimulationenergy and/or a neural affecting agent or other agent based on theneural activity, such as for treating epilepsy; and combinations of oneor more of these.

External system 50 can be configured to transmit power and/or data (e.g.implantable system 20 configuration data) to one or more implantabledevices 200 of implantable system 20. Configuration data provided byexternal system 50 (e.g. via one or more antennas 540 of one or moreexternal devices 500) can include a stimulation parameter such as anenergy delivery stimulation parameter selected from the group consistingof: initiation of energy delivery; cessation of energy delivery; amountof energy to be delivered; rate of energy delivery; amplitude of energydelivery; power of energy delivery; frequency of energy delivery;waveform shape of energy delivery; duration of energy delivery; time ofenergy delivery initiation; and combinations of one or more of these.The configuration data can include a stimulation parameter such as anagent (e.g. a pharmaceutical agent) delivery stimulation parameterselected from the group consisting of: initiation of agent delivery;cessation of agent delivery; amount of agent to be delivered; volume ofagent to be delivered; rate of agent delivery; duration of agentdelivery; time of agent delivery initiation; and combinations of one ormore of these. The configuration data can include a sensing parameter,such as a sensing parameter selected from the group consisting of:initiation of sensor recording; cessation of sensor recording; frequencyof sensor recording; resolution of sensor recording; thresholds ofsensor recording; sampling frequency of sensor recording; dynamic rangeof sensor recording; initiation of calibration of sensor recording; andcombinations of one or more of these.

External system 50 can comprise one or more external devices 500.External system 50 can comprise one or more antennas 540, such as when asingle external device 500 comprises one or more antennas 540 or whenmultiple external devices 500 each comprise one or more antennas 540.The one or more antennas 540 can transmit power and/or data to one ormore antennas 240 of implantable system 20, such as when a singleimplantable device 200 comprises one or more antennas 240 or whenmultiple implantable devices 200 each comprise one or more antennas 240.In some embodiments, one or more antennas 540 define a radiationfootprint (e.g. a footprint defining a volume, such as a volume oftissue, in which electromagnetic transmissions radiated by antennas 540can be properly received by antennas 240), such as is described inapplicant's co-pending U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No.62/112,858, titled “Medical Apparatus including an Implantable Systemand an External System”, filed Feb. 6, 2015; the content of which isincorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

External system 50 transmits power and/or data with a transmissionsignal comprising at least one wavelength, 2. This wavelength will bedesigned based on the tissue absorption, antenna size, and therequirements of the intended use. External system 50 and/or implantablesystem 20 can be configured such that the distance between an externalantenna 540 transmitting the power and/or data and one or moreimplantable antennas 240 receiving the power and/or data transmissionsignal is equal to between 0.001λ and 1000.0λ, such as between 0.01λ and100.0λ, 0.1λ and 10.0λ, and 0.2λ and 2.0λ. In some embodiments, one ormore transmission signals are delivered at a frequency range between0.01 GHz and 10.6 GHz, such as between 0.01 GHz and 0.1 GHz, 0.01 GHzand 3.0 GHz, 0.1 GHz and 3.0 GHz, 0.1 GHz and 10.6 GHz, 0.4 GHz and 1.5GHz, 0.902 GHz and 0.928 GHz, 40.66 MHz and 40.70 MHz or in a frequencyrange proximate to 866 MHz, or approximately between 863 MHz and 870MHz.

In addition to transmitting power and/or data to implantable system 20,external system 50 can be further configured to provide information(e.g. apparatus 10 performance information and/or patient information)to one or more other devices, such as tool 60 shown in FIG. 1 anddescribed in detail herebelow.

One or more external devices 500 (singly or collectively external device500) can be configured to transmit power and/or data (e.g. implantablesystem 20 configuration data) to one or more implantable devices 200. Insome embodiments, one or more external devices 500 are configured totransmit both power and data (e.g. simultaneously and/or sequentially)to one or more implantable devices 200. In some embodiments, one or moreexternal devices 500 are further configured to receive data from one ormore implantable devices 200 (e.g. via data transmitted by one or moreantennas 240 of one or more implantable devices 200). Each externaldevice 500 can comprise housing 510, power supply 570, a transmitter530, and/or one or more antennas 540, each described in detailherebelow. Each external device 500 can further comprise one or morefunctional elements 560, such as a functional element comprising asensor, electrode, energy delivery element, a magnetic-field generatingtransducer, and/or any transducer, also described in detail herebelow.In some embodiments, a functional element 560 comprises one or moresensors configured to monitor performance of external device 500 (e.g.to monitor voltage of power supply 570, quality of transmission of powerand/or data to implantable system 20, temperature of a portion of anexternal device 500, and the like).

One or more housings 510 (singly or collectively housing 510) of eachexternal device 500 can comprise one or more rigid and/or flexiblematerials which surround various components of external device 500 suchas antenna 540, transmitter 530 and/or power supply 570 shown in FIG. 1. In some embodiments, a housing 510 further surrounds a controller 550and/or a power supply 570. In some embodiments, housing 510 comprisesboth a rigid material and a flexible material. In some embodiments,housing 510 comprises a material selected from the group consisting of:plastic; injection-molded plastic; an elastomer; metal; and combinationsof one or more of these. In some embodiments, housing 510 comprises ashielded portion (e.g. shielded to prevent transmission ofelectromagnetic waves), and an unshielded portion, such as an unshieldedportion surrounding antenna 540.

Housing 510 can comprise an adhesive element, such as an adhesiveelement configured to temporarily attach an external device 500 to thepatient's skin. Housing 510 can be constructed and arranged to engage(e.g. fit in the pocket of) a patient attachment device, such as patientattachment device 70 described herebelow.

One or more antennas 540 (singly or collectively antenna 540) can eachcomprise one or more external antennas. Antenna 540 can comprise one ormore polarizable antennas, such as one or more antennas with adjustablepolarization. Antenna 540 can comprise an array of antennas, such as anarray of antennas configured to: support beam shaping and/or focusing;allow adjustment of the amplitude and/or phase of the transmissionsignal; increase the radiation footprint; and combinations of one ormore of these. An array of antennas 540 can be configured to beselectively activated, such as to improve coupling with one or moreimplanted antennas 240, such as to adjust for movement of the array ofthe antennas 540 relative to the implanted antennas 240. Antenna 540 cancomprise an array of selectable conductors configured to adjust aradiation pattern and/or an electromagnetic field of a resultantantenna. Antenna 540 can comprise a surface and shield materialpositioned on the surface, such as when the shield material ispositioned on the side facing away from the patient's skin. The shieldmaterial can comprise radio-absorptive shield material and/orradio-reflective shield material.

In some embodiments, a spacer 511 is positioned between antenna 540 andthe patient's skin, such as a spacer comprising a thickened portion ofhousing 510 or a discrete spacer 511 placed on a side of housing 510 (asshown) or on a side of antenna 540. Spacer 511 can comprise one or morematerials that match the impedance of antenna 540 to the impedance ofthe patient's tissue. Spacer 511 can comprise a thickness of between 0.1cm to 3 cm, such as a thickness between 0.2 cm and 1.5 cm. Spacer 511can comprise materials which isolate heat (e.g. a spacer 511 comprisingthermally insulating material). Spacer 511 can comprise a soft orotherwise compressible material (e.g. foam) for patient comfort. Spacer511 can be inflatable, such as to control the separation distance of anexternal antenna 540 from the patient's skin. An inflatable spacer 511can be compartmentalized into several sections with independentlycontrolled air pressure or volume to adjust the separation distance ofan external antenna 540 and the patient's skin and/or its angle (e.g.tilt) with respect to the tissue surface.

In some embodiments, antenna 540 comprises a multi-feed point antenna,such as a multi-feed point antenna configured to: support beam shapingand/or focusing; allow adjustment of amplitude and/or phase of atransmission signal; increase the radiation footprint; or combinationsof one or more of these.

In some embodiments, antenna 540 comprises one or more antennas selectedfrom the group consisting of: patch antenna; slot antenna; array ofantennas; concentric loop antenna; antenna loaded with reactiveelements; dipole antenna; polarizable antenna; selectable conductorsthat form an antenna; and combinations of one or more of these.

Antenna 540 can comprise a major axis between 1 cm and 25 cm, such as 1cm and 10 cm, 2 cm and 5 cm or 3 cm and 15 cm. Antenna 540 can befurther configured to receive a signal, such as when an antenna 240 isconfigured to transmit data to an external device 500. Antenna 540 canbe positioned on (e.g. fabricated onto) a substrate, such as a flexibleprinted circuit board or other printed circuit board (e.g. a single ormultiple layer printed circuit board comprising electrical tracesconnecting components).

A single external antenna 540 can be configured to transmit power and/ordata to multiple implantable devices 200 (e.g. each containing one ormore antennas 240). In some embodiments, a single external device 500,comprising one or more antennas 540 can be configured to transmit powerand/or data to multiple implantable devices 200.

One or more antennas 540 can comprise a multi-turn spiral loop antenna,such as a multi-turn spiral loop antenna configured to desensitizecoupling sensitivity and/or boost input voltage. In some embodiments,one or more antennas 540 comprise multiple concentric loops with varieddimensions, such as concentric loops configured to desensitize couplingsensitivity. In these embodiments, the multiple concentric loops can be:connected in parallel and driven from the same feed point; driven fromthe same feed point and connected using one or more of a capacitor,inductor, varactor, and combinations of one or more of these; and/ordriven from multiple feed points.

In some embodiments, one or more external devices 500 comprise a firstantenna 540 and a second antenna 540. In these embodiments, the firstantenna 540 can be similar or dissimilar to the second antenna 540. Insome embodiments, a first antenna 540 and a dissimilar second antenna540 are positioned within a single external device 500 (e.g. withinhousing 510). In other embodiments, a first antenna 540 is positioned ina first external device 500, and a dissimilar second antenna 540 ispositioned in a second external device 500. The similarity ordissimilarity of the antennas can be configured to enhance one or moredesign and/or performance parameters selected from the group consistingof: implantable device 200 operation depth; polarization; powerefficiency; radiation footprint Fi (described herein); directional gain;beam shaping and/or focusing; sensitivity to implantable device 200placement; patient comfort; patient usability; data transfer; andcombinations of one or more of these. In some embodiments, the firstantenna 540 can be optimized for a different design parameter than thesecond antenna 540, and each antenna 540 can be activated independentlyor simultaneously to realize both benefits. In some embodiments, thefirst antenna 540 can be similar to the second antenna 540 and placed inan array to increase the radiation footprint Fi (described herein) orplaced in different external locations to operate with multiple implants200 implanted at different sites.

In some embodiments, a first external antenna 540 and a second externalantenna 540 transmit power and/or data to a single implantable antenna240. In some embodiments, a first antenna 540 and a second antenna 540can transmit power and/or data to the one or more antennas 240simultaneously or sequentially. In sequential power and/or datatransfers, a first external device 500 comprising a first one or moreantennas 540 can be replaced (e.g. swapped) with a second externaldevice 500 comprising a second one or more antennas 540. Alternativelyor additionally, sequential power and/or data transfer can be initiatedby one or more of the following conditions: when the first externalantenna 540 moves (e.g. moves relative to the implanted antenna 240);when a second external device 500 comprising the second antenna 540 isturned on or otherwise activated; when the second antenna 540 providesimproved power and/or data transfer to the antenna 240 than is providedby the first antenna 540; and/or when power received from the firstantenna 540 decreases (e.g. decreases below a threshold). In someembodiments, an antenna 240 receives power from a first antenna 540 anda second antenna 540, but only receives data from the first antenna 540.

One or more transmitters 530 (singly or collectively externaltransmitter 530) can each comprise one or more external transmittersthat drive one or more antennas 540 (e.g. one or more antennas 540positioned in a single external device 500 or multiple external devices500). Transmitter 530 is operably attached to antenna 540 and isconfigured to provide one or more drive signals to antenna 540, such asone or more power signals and/or data signals transmitted to one or moreimplantable devices 200 of implantable system 20. In some embodiments,transmitter 530 comprises a transmitter that operates in a frequencyrange between 0.01 GHz and 10.6 GHz, such as a transmitter that operatesin a frequency range between 0.01 GHz and 0.1 GHz, 0.1 GHz and 3.0 GHz,between 0.4 GHz and 1.5 GHz, between approximately 0.902 GHz and 0.928GHz, 40.66 MHz and 40.70 MHz, or in a frequency range proximate to 866MHz, or approximately between 863 MHz and 870 MHz. Transmitter 530 cancomprise a transmitter that produces a transmission signal with a powerlevel between 0.1W and 4.0W, such as a transmission signal with a powerlevel between 0.05W and 2.0W, 0.1W and 2.0W, 0.2W and 1.0W, or between0.05W and 0.330W.

As described hereabove, one or more external devices 500 can beconfigured to transmit data (e.g. configuration data) to one or moreimplantable devices 200, such as via a data transmission produced bytransmitter 530 and sent to one or more antennas 540. In someembodiments, a transmitter 530 is configured to perform data modulationcomprising amplitude shift keying with pulse-width modulation. In theseembodiments, the transmitter can be configured to perform multi-levelamplitude shift keying. The amplitude shift-keying can be configured toprovide adjustable-depth modulation between 0-100% depth, such asbetween 0-75% depth, 0-50% depth, 5-30% depth, 5-75% depth, or such asbetween 10-50% depth. In some embodiments, one or more external devices500 transmit data to one or more implantable devices 200 using timedivision multiple access (TDMA). In some embodiments, one or implantabledevices 200 are independently addressable through unique identification(ID) codes. Alternatively or additionally, transmitter 530 can beconfigured to transmit one or more data signals with a bandwidth between0.01 MHz and 100 MHz, 0.1 MHz and 10 MHz, 0.25 MHz and 1 MHz, 0.1 MHzand 100 MHz, or between 1 MHz and 26 MHz.

As described hereabove, one or more external devices 500 can beconfigured to transmit power to one or more implantable devices 200,such as via a power transmission produced by transmitter 530 and set toone or more antennas 540. One or more transmitters 530 can deliver powerto one or more implantable devices 200 simultaneously or sequentially.In some embodiments, one or more transmitters 530 are configured toadjust the level of power transmitted to one or more implantable devices200, such as by adjusting one or more duty cycling parameters. In theseembodiments, power transmitted can be adjusted to: set a power transferbased on a stimulation level produced by implantable system 20; preventoversaturation; to reduce interference with implantable system 20 datatransmissions (e.g. when one or more implantable devices 200 are furtherconfigured to transmit data to external system 50); set a power transferbased on charge information and/or discharge information related to animplantable device 200 (e.g. charge rate and/or discharge rate of animplantable energy storage assembly 270); and combinations of one ormore of these. In some embodiments, implantable system 20 comprises afirst receiver 230 (e.g. of a first implantable device 200) and a secondreceiver 230 (e.g. of a second implantable device 200). One or moretransmitters 530 can be configured to transmit a first powertransmission to the first receiver 230, and a second power transmissionto the second receiver 230. The first power transmission and the secondpower transmission can be adjusted or otherwise be different, such as toprevent oversaturation.

In some embodiments, transmitter 530 (and/or another component ofexternal system 50) is further configured as a receiver, such as toreceive data from implantable system 20. For example, a transmitter 530can be configured to receive data via one or more antennas 240 of one ormore implantable devices 200. Data received can include patientinformation (e.g. patient physiologic information, patient environmentinformation or other patient information) and/or information related toan implantable system 20 parameter (e.g. an implantable device 200configuration parameter as described herein).

In some embodiments, transmitter 530 comprises a first transmitter totransmit power and/or data to one or more implantable devices 200, and asecond transmitter to transmit data to a different device, as describedherebelow. In these embodiments, a second transmitter of transmitter 530can be configured to transmit data to tool 60 or another device such asa controller 550, a cell phone; computer; tablet; a computer networksuch as the internet or a LAN; and combinations of one or more of these.In some embodiments, the second transmitter of transmitter 530 comprisesa wireless transmitter; a Bluetooth transmitter; a cellular transmitter;and combinations of one or more of these. In some embodiments, afunctional element 560 comprises a transmitter such as a Bluetoothtransmitter.

Each power supply 570 (singly or collectively power supply 570) can beoperably attached to a transmitter 530, and one or more other electricalcomponents of each external device 500. Power supply 570 can comprise apower supplying and/or energy storage element selected from the groupconsisting of: battery; rechargeable battery; AC power converter;capacitor; and combinations of one or more of these. In someembodiments, power supply 570 comprises two or more batteries, such astwo or more rechargeable batteries, such as to allow the first batteryto be replaced (e.g. serially replaced) by the second battery. In someembodiments, power supply 570 is configured to provide a voltage of atleast 3V. In some embodiments, power supply 570 is configured to providea capacity between 1 Watt-hour and 75 Watt-hours, such as a battery orcapacitor with a capacity of approximately 5 Watt-hours. In someembodiments, power supply 570 comprises an AC power source.

Each controller 550 (singly or collectively controller 550) comprises anexternal controller configured to control one or more components ofapparatus 10. Controller 550 can comprise a user interface 555.Controller 550 can send and/or receive commands to and/or from one ormore external devices 500 via a wireless or wired connection (wiredconnection not shown but such as one or more insulated conductivewires). In some embodiments, one or more external devices 500 comprisecontroller 550, such as when user interface 555 is integrated intohousing 510 of external device 500. In some embodiments, apparatus 10comprises multiple external controllers 550.

Controller 550 can be configured to adjust one or more parameters ofapparatus 10, such as a stimulation parameter; a sensing parameter; atherapy parameter; a data recording parameter (e.g. a patient datarecording parameter and/or an implantable device 200 data recordingparameter); power transfer; data rate; activity of one or more externaltransmitters 530; activity of one or more external antennas 540; afunctional element 260 parameter; a functional element 560 parameter;and combinations of one or more of these, such as is describedhereabove. Controller 550 can be further configured to provideinformation, such as patient physiologic information recorded by one ormore implantable devices 200, or apparatus 10 information, such asperformance and/or configuration information (singly or collectively“status information”) of one or more external devices 500 and/orimplantable devices 200. In some embodiments, the controller 550 usesinformation recorded by one or more implantable devices 200, apparatus10 information, and/or information from external devices 500 to adaptconfiguration parameters of one or more components of apparatus 10.

In some embodiments, controller 550 can be configured to confirm that anadequate power transmission and/or an adequate data transmission hasoccurred between one or more external devices 500 and one or moreimplantable devices 200. In these embodiments, controller 550 cancomprise diagnostic assembly 91 described herebelow, or otherwise beconfigured to detect one or more of: power transmission to theimplantable system 20 (e.g. to detect power transmission to implantablesystem 20 below a threshold); power transmission to the implantablesystem 20 trending in an undesired direction; improper and/or inadequatedata transfer to the implantable system 20; and combinations of one ormore of these. In some embodiments, the controller 550 monitors powertransfer in real-time and adjusts power transmission accordingly tooptimize the rectifier 232 efficiency of one or more implantable devices200.

In some embodiments, controller 550 and/or another component ofapparatus 10 comprises a matching network configured to match theimpedance of one or more antennas 540 to one or more transmitters 530.The matching network can comprise an adjustable matching network. Thematching network can comprise a directional coupler configured tomeasure a reflection coefficient. A transmitter 530 can comprise anoutput, and a controller 550 can be configured to monitor a standingwave pattern at the output of the transmitter 530.

In some embodiments, controller 550 can comprise a temperature sensor,such as a functional element 560 described herein configured as atemperature sensor and positioned proximate a portion of controller 550,housing 510 and/or one or more antennas 540 (e.g. to measure thetemperature of one or more portions of an external device 500). In theseembodiments, the temperature data recorded by the functional element 560is used to adjust one or more of: matching network; stimulation level(e.g. stimulation energy delivered by one or more implantable devices200); power transmission level (e.g. level of power transmitted betweenone or more external devices 500 and one or more implantable devices200); and combinations of one or more of these. In some embodiments, thetemperature sensor-based functional element 560 is a part of a safetymechanism that deactivates controller 550 and/or another component ofapparatus 10 if the recorded temperature exceeds a threshold.Alternatively or additionally, a temperature sensor-based functionalelement 560 can be configured to measure temperature of the patient,such as when placed on housing 510, such as to adjust energy or agentdelivery performed by implantable device 200 based on the recordedpatient temperature.

In some embodiments, controller 550 comprises a lookup table ofstimulation signal waveform patterns, such as to allow a clinician,patient and/or other operator of apparatus 10 to select a predeterminedstimulation pattern. In some embodiments, controller 550 comprises a setof adjustable stimulation signal parameters configured to be varied toallow an operator to construct customized waveforms, the adjustablestimulation signal parameters selected from the group consisting of:frequency; amplitude; duty cycle; duration of pulse and/or amplitudelevel; duration of stimulation waveform; repetition of stimulationwaveform; pulse shape; and combinations of one or more of these. In someembodiments, the controller 550 is configured to allow an operator tocreate a customized waveform by specifying an amplitude at one or morediscrete steps of a stimulation signal.

In some embodiments, controller 550 comprises a transmitter configuredto transmit data to tool 60 or another device such as a cell phone;computer; tablet; a computer network such as the internet or a LAN; andcombinations of one or more of these. In these embodiments, controller550 can comprise a wireless transmitter; a Bluetooth transmitter; acellular transmitter; and combinations of one or more of these.

User interface 555 of each controller 550 can comprise one or more userinput components and/or user output components, such as a componentselected from the group consisting of: keyboard; mouse; keypad; switch;membrane switch; touchscreen; display; audio transducer such as aspeaker or buzzer; vibrational transducer; light such as an LED; andcombinations of one or more of these.

In some embodiments, one or more components of external system 50 and/orother external component of apparatus 10, comprises one or morefunctional elements 560, such as functional elements 560 a and/or 560 b(singly or collectively functional element 560), shown positioned incontroller 550 and in external device 500, respectively. Each functionalelement 560 can comprise a sensor, an electrode, an energy deliveryelement, an agent delivery element, a magnetic field generatingtransducer, and/or any transducer. In some embodiments, one or morefunctional elements 560 comprise a transducer selected from the groupconsisting of: light; light emitting diode; wireless transmitter;Bluetooth device; mechanical transducer; piezoelectric transducer;pressure transducer; temperature transducer; humidity transducer;vibrational transducer; audio transducer; speaker; and combinations ofone or more of these. In some embodiments, functional element 560comprises a needle, a catheter (e.g. a distal portion of a catheter), aniontophoretic element or a porous membrane, such as an agent deliveryelement configured to deliver one or more agents contained (e.g. one ormore agents in a reservoir, such as reservoir 525 described herebelow)within an external device 500 and delivered into the patient (e.g. intosubcutaneous tissue, into muscle tissue and/or into a blood vessel suchas a vein). In some embodiments, the functional element 560 can comprisean electrode for sensing electrical activity and/or deliveringelectrical energy. In some embodiments, apparatus 10 is configured tocause stochastic resonance, and the addition of white noise can enhancethe sensitivity of nerves to be stimulated and/or boosts weak signals tobe recorded.

In some embodiments, one or more functional elements 560 comprise asensor, such as a sensor configured to record data related to a patientparameter (e.g. a patient physiologic parameter), an external system 50parameter and/or an implantable system 20 parameter. In someembodiments, operation of one or more implantable devices 200 (e.g.stimulation energy delivered by one or more implantable devices 200) isconfigured to be delivered based on the data recorded by one or moresensor-based functional elements 560, such as in a closed-loop energydelivery mode.

Functional element 560 can comprise one or more sensors selected fromthe group consisting of: electrode; sensor configured to recordelectrical activity of tissue; blood glucose sensor such as an opticalblood glucose sensor; pressure sensor; blood pressure sensor; heart ratesensor; inflammation sensor; neural activity sensor; muscular activitysensor; pH sensor; strain gauge; accelerometer; gyroscope; GPS;respiration sensor; respiration rate sensor; temperature sensor;magnetic sensor; optical sensor; MEMs sensor; chemical sensor; hormonesensor; impedance sensor; tissue impedance sensor; body position sensor;body motion sensor; physical activity level sensor; perspiration sensor;patient hydration sensor; breath monitoring sensor; sleep monitoringsensor; food intake monitoring sensor; urine movement sensor; bowelmovement sensor; tremor sensor; pain level sensor; and combinations ofone or more of these.

Functional element 560 can comprise one or more sensors configured torecord data regarding a patient parameter selected from the groupconsisting of: blood glucose; blood pressure; EKG; heart rate; cardiacoutput; oxygen level; pH level; pH of blood; pH of a bodily fluid;tissue temperature; inflammation level; bacteria level; type of bacteriapresent; gas level; blood gas level; neural activity; neural spikes;neural spike shape; action potential; local field potential (LFP); EEG;muscular activity; electrical activity produced by skeletal muscles(e.g. as measured using electromyography, EMG): gastric volume;peristalsis rate; impedance; tissue impedance; electrode-tissueinterface impedance; physical activity level; pain level; body position;body motion; organ motion; respiration rate; respiration level;perspiration rate; sleep level; sleep cycle; digestion state; digestionlevel; urine production; urine flow; bowel movement; tremor; ionconcentration; chemical concentration; hormone level; viscosity of abodily fluid; patient hydration level; and combinations of one or moreof these.

Functional element 560 can comprise one or more sensors configured torecord data representing a parameter of external system 50 or anycomponent of apparatus 10. Functional element 560 can comprise one ormore sensors selected from the group consisting of: an energy sensor; avoltage sensor; a current sensor; a temperature sensor (e.g. atemperature of one or more components of external device 500 orcontroller 550); an antenna matching and/or mismatching assessmentsensor; power transfer sensor; link gain sensor; power use sensor;energy level sensor; energy charge rate sensor; energy discharge ratesensor; impedance sensor; load impedance sensor; instantaneous powerusage sensor; average power usage sensor; bit error rate sensor; signalintegrity sensor; and combinations of one or more of these. Apparatus 10can be configured to analyze (e.g. via controller 250) the data recordedby functional element 560 to assess one or more of: power transfer; linkgain; power use; energy within power supply 570; performance of powersupply 570; expected life of power supply 570; discharge rate of powersupply 570; ripple or other variations of power supply 570; matching ofantenna 240 and 540; communication error rate between implantable device200 and external device 500; integrity of transmission betweenimplantable device 200 and external device 500; and combinations of oneor more of these.

In some embodiments, one or more functional elements 560 are positionedon a housing 510. A functional element 560 can comprise a bodyconduction sensor, such as a body conduction sensor configured to recordand/or receive data via skin conduction. A functional element 560 can beconfigured to record data associated with stimulation delivered by oneor more implantable devices 200 (e.g. record data associated withstimulation energy delivered by one or more functional elements 260),such as to provide closed loop or semi-closed loop stimulation. Afunctional element 560 can be configured to record temperature, such aswhen apparatus 10 is configured to deactivate or otherwise modify theperformance of an external device 500 when the recorded temperature(e.g. patient temperature and/or external device 500 temperature)exceeds a threshold.

Implantable system 20 comprises one or more implantable devices 200,such as one or more implantable devices 200 provided sterile orconfigured to be sterilized for implantation into the patient. A firstimplantable device 200 can be of similar or dissimilar construction andarrangement to a second implantable device 200. Each implantable device200 can be configured to treat a patient and/or record patientinformation, such as by delivering energy and/or an agent to tissueand/or by recording one or more physiologic parameters of tissue.

One or more portions of an implantable device 200 or other component ofimplantable system 20 can be configured to be visualized or contain avisualizable portion or other visualizable element, such as visualizableelement 222 shown. Visualizable element 222 can comprise a materialselected from the group consisting of: radiopaque material;ultrasonically reflective material; magnetic material; and combinationsof one or more of these. In these embodiments, each implantable device200 can be visualized (e.g. during and/or after implantation) via animaging device such as a CT, X-ray, fluoroscope, ultrasound imagerand/or MRI.

In some embodiments, implantable system 20 comprises multipleimplantable devices 200 and implantable system 20 comprises a“multi-point ready” system, in which the operation (e.g. energydelivery, agent deliver, data recording and/or other function) of themultiple implantable devices 200 is performed simultaneously,asynchronously, and/or sequentially. The implantable devices 200 can bepart of network with one or more external devices 500 in which thetreating of a patient and/or the recording of patient information relieson operation of the implantable devices 200 at one or more implantationsites in a synchronized, asynchronized, and/or otherwise coordinatedway. The synchronization or otherwise coordination can be controlled bya single or multiple external devices 500, which can further besynchronized to a single clock. Each implantable device 200 ofimplantable system 20 can receive a power signal and/or a data signalfrom one or more external devices 500. In some embodiments of themulti-point ready implantable system 20, each implantable device 200comprises a unique ID, such that each implantable device 200 can beindividually addressed (e.g. receive unique signals from external system50). In some embodiments, external system 50 transmits high-bandwidthsignals to implantable system 20, such that time-domain multiple accesscommunication can be performed while operating in near real time. Insome embodiments, implantable system 20 is configured as a multi-pointready system such that stimulation energy delivered by implantablesystem 20 is independent of power received by implantable system 20 fromexternal system 50.

Two implantable device 200s, or two discrete components of a singleimplantable device 200 (e.g. two components comprising or positioned indifferent housings), can be attached to each other by a connectingfilament as defined hereabove. In some embodiments, a connectingfilament comprises a user-attachable (e.g. clinician-attachable)connector on at least one end. The filament connector is configured tooperably attach to a mating connector on a component (e.g. a housing210) of an implantable device 200, such as filament connectors 243 or268 described herebelow in reference to FIG. 2 , each of which can beattached by a user (e.g. a clinician) to a connector of housing 210(e.g. connector 203 described herebelow in reference to FIG. 2 ).

Each implantable device 200 is configured to receive power and/or data(e.g. implantable system 20 configuration data) from one or moreexternal devices 500. In some embodiments, one or more implantabledevices 200 are configured to receive both power and data (e.g.simultaneously and/or sequentially) from one or more external devices500. In some embodiments, a single external device 500 sends powerand/or data to multiple implantable devices 200. Alternatively oradditionally, a single implantable device 200 can receive power and/ordata from multiple external devices 500. In some embodiments, a firstexternal device 500 is positioned on or near the patient's skin at alocation proximate an implanted first implantable device 200, and asecond external device 500 is positioned on or near the patient's skin(hereinafter “on” the patient's skin) at a location proximate animplanted second implantable device 200. In these embodiments, the firstexternal device 500 transmits data and/or power to at least the firstimplantable device 200 and the second external device 500 transmits dataand/or power to at least the second implantable device 200.

Each implantable device 200 can comprise one or more functional elements260, configured to stimulate, deliver energy to, deliver an agent to,record information from and/or otherwise interface with the patient.Alternatively or additionally, the one or more functional elements 260can be configured to record patient information. Each implantable device200 can comprise housing 210, receiver 230, controller 250, energystorage assembly 270 and/or one or more antennas 240, each described indetail herebelow. Each functional element 260 can comprise a sensorand/or any transducer, as described in detail herebelow. One or morefunctional elements 260 can be positioned on a lead 265, such as isdescribed herebelow in reference to FIG. 2 . Each implantable device 200can further comprise anchor element 221, as described in detailherebelow. Each implantable device 200 can comprise one or more leads265, such as two leads attached to a single housing 210, or a first lead265 attached to a first housing 210 and a second lead 265 attached to asecond housing 265.

In some embodiments, one or more implantable devices 200 are furtherconfigured to transmit data to one or more external devices 500, such asvia one or more antennas 240 transmitting a signal to one or moreantennas 540, or otherwise. Data transmitted by an implantable device200 can comprise patient information (e.g. patient physiologicinformation recorded by one or more functional elements 260 configuredas a physiologic sensor), or implantable device 200 information (e.g.data recorded by one or more functional elements 260 configured as asensor and positioned in implantable device 200, or other implantabledevice 200 configuration and/or performance data).

Housing 210 of each implantable device 200 can comprise one or morerigid and/or flexible materials which surround various components, suchas antenna 240, energy storage assembly 270, controller 250 and/orreceiver 230 as shown in FIG. 1 . In some embodiments, one or morefunctional elements 260 are positioned in, on and/or within housing 210.In some embodiments, housing 210 surrounds a substrate, such as aflexible and/or foldable printed circuit board, such as multiplediscrete or continuous printed circuit boards positioned in differentplanes (e.g. a flexible or foldable printed circuit board).

Housing 210 can comprise one or more shapes or combination of shapes,such as one or more shapes selected from the group consisting of: disc;pill; cylinder; sphere; oblate spheroid; dish-like shape; bowl-likeshape; cone; rectangular prism; trapezoidal prism; a portion of atoroid; and combinations of one or more of these.

Housing 210 can comprise a major axis and a minor axis, definedhereabove. In some embodiments, housing 210 comprises a major axis lessthan or equal to 50 mm, such as a major axis less than or equal to 25mm, 20 mm, 15 mm, 12 mm or 10 mm. In some embodiments, housing 210comprises a minor axis less than or equal to 20 mm, such as a minor axisless than or equal to 10 mm, 8 mm, 6 mm, or less than or equal to 5 mm.Housing 210 can comprise a wall thickness between 0.2 mm and 2.0 mm,such as a wall thickness between 0.2 mm and 0.5 mm, 0.2 mm and 1.0 mm,such as a wall thickness of approximately 1.3 mm or 0.3 mm. Housing 210can comprise a displacement volume less than or equal to 2000 mm³, suchas less than or equal to 1000 mm³, 600 mm³, or 500 mm³.

Housing 210 can comprise one or more portions that are transmissive toradiofrequency (RF) signals. In some embodiments, housing 210 comprisesglass. In some embodiments, housing 210 comprises a material selectedfrom the group consisting of: glass; ceramic; stainless steel; titanium;polyurethane; an organic compound; liquid crystal polymer (LCP); gold;platinum; tungsten; epoxy; a thermoplastic; a thermoset plastic; andcombinations of one or more of these. In some embodiments, one or moreportions of housing 210 comprises one or more coatings, such as one ormore coatings configured to cause or prevent a physiologic reactionand/or a coating configured to block (e.g. shield) an electromagnetictransmission.

Housing 210 can comprise one or more passageways or other feedthroughs,such as for the passage of a lead, wire, optical fiber, fluid deliverytube, mechanical linkage and/or other conduit through a wall of housing210, such as is described in applicant's co-pending U.S. ProvisionalPatent Application Ser. No. 62/112,858, titled “Medical Apparatusincluding an Implantable System and an External System”, filed Feb. 6,2015; the content of which is incorporated herein by reference in itsentirety.

In some embodiments, one or more inner or outer surfaces (or portions ofsurfaces) of housing 210 includes an insulating and/or shielding layer(e.g. a conductive electromagnetic shielding layer), such as innercoating 219a and/or outer coating 219b shown (singly or collectivelycoating 219). Coating 219 can comprise an electrically insulating and/ora thermally insulating layer or other coating. In some embodiments, oneor more portions of housing 210 comprise an electrically shieldingcoating 219, while other portions are transmissive to electromagneticsignals such as radiofrequency signals.

In some embodiments, housing 210 comprises an array of feedthroughs,such as feedthroughs 213 described herebelow in reference to FIGS.14A-C. In some embodiments, housing 210 is surrounded by a covering,such as covering 218 described herebelow in reference to FIG. 15 . Thecovering can comprise a flexible and/or non-conductive covering, such asa covering made of an elastomer.

In some embodiments, one or more implantable devices 200 comprises oneor more anchor elements configured to secure one or more portions ofimplantable device 200 to tissue, such as anchor element 221 shownpositioned on housing 210. Anchor element 221 can comprise one or moreanchoring elements selected from the group consisting of: a sleeve suchas a silicone sleeve; suture tab; suture eyelet; bone anchor, wireloops; porous mesh; penetrable wing; penetrable tab; bone screw eyelet;tine; pincers; suture slits; and combinations of one or more of these.

One or more antennas 240 (singly or collectively antenna 240) can beconfigured to receive power and/or data, and receiver 230 can receivethe power and/or data from the one or more antennas 240. Each antenna240 can comprise one or more implantable antennas, such as one or moreantennas positioned within housing 210, and/or one or more antennaselectrically attached to a connecting filament (e.g. connecting filament242 described herebelow in reference to FIG. 2 ). In some embodiments,one or more implantable devices 200 comprise at least two antennas 240,or at least three antennas 240. Antenna 240 can be configured to receivepower and/or data from one or more external devices 500, such that anattached receiver 230 receives the power and/or data. In someembodiments, implantable system 20 comprises at least two implantabledevices 200, each of which comprise one or more (e.g. two or three)antennas 240 which are positioned within a housing 210 and/orelectrically tethered to a housing 210. In some embodiments, animplantable device 200 comprises a first antenna 240 positioned in afirst plane and a second antenna 240 positioned in a second plane. Thefirst plane and second plane can be relatively orthogonal planes, orplanes oriented between 30° and 90° relative to each other, such asbetween 40° and 90°, approximately 30°, approximately 45° and/orapproximately 60° relative to each other. In some embodiments, animplantable device 200 comprises a first antenna 240 positioned in afirst plane, a second antenna 240 positioned in a second plane, and athird antenna 240 positioned in a third plane.

In some embodiments, implantable device 200 comprises one or moreantennas 240 positioned on a substrate, such as a printed circuit board(PCB), a flexible printed circuit board and/or a foldable substrate(e.g. a substrate comprising rigid portions and hinged portions). Insome embodiments, the substrate can be folded or otherwise pivoted toposition the various antennas 240 on differently oriented planes, suchas multiple planes oriented between 5° and 90° relative to each other,such as two antennas 240 positioned on two planes oriented between 30°and 90° or between 40° and 90° relative to each other, or three antennas240 positioned on three planes oriented between 5° and 60° relative toeach other. Two or more antennas 240 can be positioned on two or moredifferent planes that are approximately 45° relative to each other, orapproximately 60° or approximately 90° relative to each other.

Implantable device 200 can comprise three antennas 240. In someembodiments, a first antenna 240 can comprise an electrical dipoleantenna, and the second and third antennas 240 can be positioned indifferent planes than the first antenna 240. In some embodiments, thethree antennas 240 each comprise a loop antenna, such as when each loopantenna is positioned on a different plane. In some embodiments, a firstantenna 240 comprises an electrical dipole antenna, and a second antenna240 and a third antenna 240 each comprise a loop antenna. In theseembodiments, the second antenna 240 and the third antenna 240 can bepositioned relatively orthogonal to each other (e.g. positioned on tworelatively orthogonal planes). In some embodiments, a first antenna(e.g. an electrical dipole antenna) is positioned outside of housing210, while a second antenna (e.g. a loop antenna) and a third antenna(e.g. a loop antenna) are each positioned on, in and/or within housing210. In some embodiments, implantable device 200 can comprise one ormore antennas 240 in which any combination of antenna types (asdescribed herein) are used in combination.

One or more antennas 240 can comprise an antenna selected from the groupconsisting of: loop antenna; multiple-turn loop antenna; planar loopantenna; coil antenna; dipole antenna; electric dipole antenna; magneticdipole antenna; patch antenna; loaded dipole antenna; concentric loopantenna; loop antenna with ferrite core; and combinations of one or moreof these. One or more antennas 240 can comprise a loop antenna, such asan elongated loop antenna or a multiple-turn loop antenna.

One or more antennas 240 can comprise a multi-turn spiral loop antenna,such as a multi-turn spiral loop antenna configured to desensitizecoupling sensitivity and/or boost input voltage. In some embodiments,one or more antennas 240 comprise multiple concentric loops with varieddimensions, such as concentric loops configured to desensitize couplingsensitivity. In these embodiments, the multiple concentric loops can be:connected in parallel and driven from the same feed point; driven fromthe same feed point and connected using one or more of a capacitor,inductor, varactor, and combinations of one or more of these; and/ordriven from multiple feed points.

One or more antennas 240 can comprise a minor axis and a major axis. Insome embodiments, one or more antennas 240 comprise a minor axis between1 mm and 15 mm, such as between 1 mm and 8 mm, 2 mm and 5 mm or between2 mm and 10 mm. In some embodiments, one or more antennas 240 comprise amajor axis between 1 mm and 25 mm, such as between 3 mm and 15 mm orbetween 4 mm and 8 mm. In some embodiments, one or more antennas 240comprise a major axis above 3 mm, such as between 1 mm and 40 mm, suchas 3 mm and 15 mm, such as when the antenna 240 is positioned outside ofhousing 210.

One or more antennas 240 can comprise a foldable and/or unfoldableantenna, such as is described in applicant's co-pending InternationalPCT Application PCT/US2014/043023, titled “Method and Apparatus forMinimally Invasive Implantable Modulators”, filed Jun. 18, 2014, thecontent of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

One or more antennas 240 can be positioned inside of housing 210.Alternatively or additionally, one or antennas 240 can be positionedoutside of housing 210.

Implantable system 20, one or more implantable devices 200 and/or one ormore antennas 240 can be configured to be positioned at a desired depthbeneath the patient's skin, such as at a depth between 0.5 cm and 7.0cm, such as a depth of between 1.0 cm and 3.0 cm.

One or more energy storage assemblies 270 (singly or collectively energystorage assembly 270) can comprise one or more implantable energystorage components, such as one or more batteries (e.g. rechargeablebatteries) and/or capacitors (e.g. a supercapacitor). Energy storageassembly 270 can be configured to provide power to one or more of: oneor more functional elements 260; controller 250; receiver 230; andcombinations of one or more of these. In some embodiments, energystorage assembly 270 further provides power to one or more antennas 240.In some embodiments, energy storage assembly 270 can include digitalcontrol for charge/discharge rates, voltage outputs, current outputs,and/or system power distribution and/or management.

Energy storage assembly 270 can comprise one or more capacitors with asingle or collective capacitance between 0.01 μF and 10 F, such as acapacitance between 1 μF and 1.0 mF, or between 1 μF and 10 μF. Theenergy storage assembly 270 can comprise one or more capacitors withcapacitance between 1 mF and 10 F, such as when energy storage assembly270 comprises super-capacitors and/or ultra-capacitors. Such largecapacitance can be used to store sufficient charge to maintain operation(e.g. maintain delivery of stimulation energy and/or delivery of anagent) without the use (e.g. sufficient proximity) of an associatedexternal device 500. A capacitor or other energy storage element (e.g. abattery) can be chosen to provide sufficient energy to maintainoperation for at least 30 seconds, at least 2 minutes, at least 5minutes, at least 30 minutes, and up to several hours or more (e.g.during showering, swimming or other physical activity). Energy storageassembly 270 can comprise one or more capacitors with a breakdownvoltage above 1.0V, such as a breakdown voltage above 1.5V, 4.0V, 10V,or 15V. In some embodiments, energy storage assembly 270 can comprisecapacitors distributed outside of housing 210, such as when one or morecapacitors are distributed along lead 265. Energy storage assembly 270can comprise one or more capacitors with low self-leakage, such as tomaintain stored energy for longer periods of time.

In some embodiments, energy storage assembly 270 comprises a temporaryenergy storage component, such as a super-capacitor, configured to storea sufficient quantity of energy to provide uninterrupted stimulation,such as during time periods in which the link gain may be of poorquality or it may be temporarily unavailable (e.g. an external device500 not being in place such as during a shower, swimming, and the like).An energy storage assembly 270 comprising an ultra-capacitor,super-capacitor or flexible battery can be charged via the wirelesspower transmission of the present inventive concepts, such as to store asufficient amount of energy for one or more functional elements 260 todelivery stimulation energy during subsequent (intended or unintended)unavailability of one or more external devices 500 (e.g. an externaldevice 500 is intentionally removed or unintentionally falls off orotherwise loses its position sufficiently proximate one or moreimplantable devices 200). An energy storage assembly 270 comprising oneor more high capacity energy storage components can be beneficial inapplications where therapy interruption provides a significant risk oris otherwise relatively unacceptable, such as for life supporttherapies, cardiac resynchronization therapies, and the like. The highcapacity energy storage components of energy storage assembly 270 can bepositioned in an assembly positioned within housing 210, on an inner orouter surface of housing 210, within a separate housing, and/or withinlead 265.

One or more controllers 250 (singly or collectively controller 250) canbe configured to control one or more functional elements 260, such as afunctional element 260 comprising a stimulation-based transducer (e.g.an electrode or other energy delivery element) and/or a sensor (e.g. aphysiologic sensor and/or a sensor configured to monitor an implantabledevice 200 parameter). In some embodiments, controller 250 is configuredto transmit a stimulation signal (e.g. transmit stimulation energy) toone or more functional elements 260 (e.g. one or more functionalelements 260 comprising an electrode and/or other energy deliveryelement), independent of the power signal received by one or moreantennas 240 (e.g. independent of power transmitted by external system50), such as by using energy stored in energy storage assembly 270. Inthese embodiments, the power signal and/or the RF path for the powersignal can be adjusted to optimize power efficiency (e.g. by tuningmatching network on transmitter 530 and/or receiver 230; configuringantennas 540 and/or 240 in an array; tuning operating frequency; dutycycling the power signal; adjusting antenna 540 and/or 240 position; andthe like), and a stimulation signal can be precisely delivered (e.g. byusing energy stored on energy storage assembly 270 and generatingstimulation signal locally on the implantable device 200) to ensureclinical efficacy. Also, if the power signal transmission (also referredto as “power link”) is perturbed unexpectedly, the stimulation signalcan be configured so that it is not significantly affected (e.g.unaffected). In some configurations, the stimulation signal beingdelivered by one or more implantable devices 200 can be insensitive tointerference that may be present. In these embodiments, a powertransmission signal and stimulation signal can vary in one or more of:amplitude; changes in amplitude; average amplitude; frequency; changesin frequency; average frequency; phase; changes in phase; average phase;waveform shape; pulse shape; duty cycle; polarity; and combinations ofone or more of these.

Controller 250 can receive commands from receiver 230, such as one ormore commands related to one or more implantable device 200configuration parameters selected from the group consisting of:stimulation parameter; data rate of receiver; data rate of datatransmitted by the first implantable device 200 at least one implantableantenna 240; functional element 260 configuration; state of controller250; antenna 240 impedance; clock frequency; sensor configuration;electrode configuration; power management parameter; energy storageassembly parameter; agent delivery parameter; sensor configurationparameter; and combinations of one or more of these.

In some embodiments, one or more functional elements 260 comprise astimulation element configured to deliver energy (e.g. electricalenergy) to tissue, and controller 250 is configured to control theenergy delivery, such as to control one or more of: a direct current(DC) parameter such as amplitude of voltage and/or current; amplitude;frequency; pulse width; inter-pulse interval (e.g. random, varied orconstant); an amplitude modulation parameter; a frequency modulationparameter; anode/cathode configuration; voltage; current; pulse shape; aduty cycle parameter such as frequency, pulse width or off time;polarity; drive impedance; energy storage capacity; and combinations ofone or more of these. In some embodiments, one or more functionalelements 260 comprise a stimulation element configured to stimulate atarget (e.g. nerve tissue such as spinal nerve tissue and/or peripheralnerve tissue). The amount of stimulation delivered to the target can becontrolled by varying a parameter selected from the group consisting of:functional element 260 size and/or configuration (e.g. electrode sizeand/or configuration); functional element 260 shape (e.g. electrodeshape, magnetic field generating transducer shape or agent deliveringelement shape); shape of a generated electric field; shape of agenerated magnetic field; stimulation signal parameters; andcombinations of one or more of these.

In some embodiments, one or more functional elements 260 comprise anelement configured to deliver electrical energy to tissue (e.g. anelectrode), and controller 260 is configured to control charge balance,such as to actively control charge balance. Charge balance can beessential for patient safety in electrical stimulation of nerves orother tissue. Imbalanced stimulation waveforms can cause electrodecorrosion and/or dissolution which can lead to deposition of toxicmaterials in tissue, implant rejection, and nerve damage. Thestimulation waveform can be balanced such that net outflow chargeapproximately equals net inflow charge. With stimulation waveformamplitudes that can vary between 0.1 mA to 15 mA (such as between 0.1 mAand 12 mA, or between 0.1 mA and 10 mA), depending on the treatment, theerror in charge balance can be on the order of 0.001% to 0.01%.Controller 250 can comprise AC coupling capacitors that are configuredto balance stimulation waveforms passively. The AC coupling capacitancecan be fairly large (e.g. greater than 10 μF), in order to pass thestimulation waveform with minimal filtering. In some embodiments,apparatus 10 can be configured to perform active charge balancing. Insome embodiments, an implantable device 200 can comprise a preciseresistor in series with a stimulation electrode-based functional element260. The precise resistor can be used to measure outflow and inflowcurrents, such as when controller 250 comprises an analog to digitalconverter (ADC). Controller 250 can integrate current over time during afirst phase in which stimulation energy is delivered, and during asecond phase in which a reverse current is applied (e.g. a reversecurrent used to balance charge). Controller 250 can be configured tobalance the total charge in the two phases, to ensure that the net DCcurrent is approximately zero. The integration can be achieved using ananalog integrator and/or a digital summer of controller 250, withcontroller 250 keeping track of the pulse duration. Implantable device200 can comprise a precise series resistance comprising an on-chiptrimmed resistor or an off chip resistor. In some embodiments,implantable device 200 comprises a bank of trimmed resistors that areused to control the net series resistance, such as to adjust resistancebased on stimulation amplitude requirements (e.g. to take advantage ofthe full dynamic range of an ADC of controller 250). In someembodiments, controller 250 comprises a shunt path with an RC-based lowpass filter used for both outflow and inflow of current. RC elements ofcontroller 250 can be chosen such that the shunt current is only afraction of the stimulation current. Since the same RC elements can beused for both outflow and inflow current, the precision required for theRC components can be lower. An ADC can be used to sense the voltage onthe capacitor at the end of a stimulation pulse. After the stimulationpulse, the capacitor can be discharged and the polarity of thestimulation current can be reversed and set to any amplitude, until thecapacitor is charged to approximately the same voltage (according to theADC precision) as it was charged during the stimulation pulse. The ADCresolution can be high enough to ensure the residual error is less thanwhat would cause an undesired charge accumulation. ADC resolutionrequirements can be further be reduced by reducing the net capacitancein a shunt RC circuit, to cause accelerated charging of the capacitor.The capacitor can be discharged every time the voltage exceeds a certainpredefined threshold, while controller 250 keeps track of the number oftimes the capacitor has been charged and reset. By resetting thecapacitor through a low resistance path, the discharge time can beinsignificant compared to the charge time, reducing the error due todischarge period. Since the net charge equivalent to full scale voltageon the ADC can be divided into multiple cycles, the required resolutionof the ADC to achieve the same residual error can be divided by thenumber of cycles.

In some embodiments, controller 250 is configured to produce astimulation signal comprising a waveform or a waveform pattern(hereinafter stimulation waveform), for one or more functional elements260 configured as a stimulation element (e.g. such that one or morefunctional elements 260 deliver stimulation energy comprising or atleast resembling that stimulation waveform). Controller 250 can producea stimulation signal comprising a waveform selected from the groupconsisting of: square wave; sine wave; sawtooth; triangle wave (e.g.symmetric or asymmetric); trapezoidal; ramp; waveform with exponentialincrease; waveform with exponential decrease; pulse shape whichminimizes power consumption; Gaussian pulse shape; pulse train;root-raised cosine; bipolar pulses; and combinations of one or more ofthese. In some embodiments, controller 250 is configured to produce astimulation signal comprising a waveform including a combination of twoor more waveforms selected from the group consisting of: square wave;sine wave; triangle wave; ramp; waveform with exponential increase;waveform with exponential decrease; pulse shape which minimizes powerconsumption; Gaussian pulse shape; pulse train; root-raised cosine;bipolar pulses; and combinations of one or more of these. In someembodiments, controller 250 is configured to construct a custom waveform(e.g. an operator customized waveform), such as by adjusting amplitudeat specified time steps.

In some embodiments, controller 250 is configured to provide astimulation signal comprising waveforms and/or pulses repeated at afrequency (e.g. includes a frequency component) between 1.0 Hz and 50KHz, such as between 10 Hz and 500 Hz, between 40 Hz and 160 Hz and/orbetween 5 KHz and 15 KHz. In some embodiments, controller 250 isconfigured to produce a stimulation signal comprising a frequencybetween 1 Hz and 1000 Hz, such as a stimulation signal with a frequencybetween 10 Hz and 500 Hz. In some embodiments, controller 250 isconfigured to produce a stimulation signal comprising a duty cyclebetween 0.1% and 25%, such as a duty cycle between 1% and 10%. In someembodiments, controller 250 is configured to produce a stimulationsignal comprising a frequency modulated stimulation waveform, such as astimulation waveform comprising a frequency component between 1 KHz and20 KHz. In some embodiments, controller 250 is configured to produce astimulation signal comprising a mix and/or modulation of low frequencyand high frequency signals, which can be of any of the waveform shapesdescribed herein. In these embodiments, the stimulation signal cancomprise low frequency signals between 1 Hz and 1000 Hz, and highfrequency signals between 1 KHz and 50 KHz, or between 1 KHz and 20 KHz.Alternatively or additionally, the stimulation signal can comprise atrain of high frequency signals and bursts of low frequency signals,and/or a train of low frequency signals and bursts of high frequencysignals. Alternatively or additionally, the stimulation signal cancomprise one or more high frequency signals modulated with one or morelow frequency signals, such as one or more high frequency signalsfrequency modulated (FM), amplitude modulated (AM), phase modulated (PM)and/or pulse width modulated (PWM) with one or more low frequencysignals. The stimulation signal can cycle among different waveformsshapes at specified time intervals. The stimulation signal can comprisea pseudo random binary sequence (PRBS) non-return-to-zero orreturn-to-zero waveform, such as with a fixed and/or time-varying pulseduration and/or frequency of the pulses.

Controller 250 can comprise a clamping circuit configured to allow fastcharging and/or discharging of the energy storage assembly 270,functional element 260 drivers (e.g. electrode drivers) of controller250, and/or other components of implantable device 200. The clampingcircuit can improve pulse shape by offering additional control and/orconfiguration of rise and fall times in the shape of the waveform (e.g.to create rapid rise or fall times). In some embodiments, the clampingcircuit can be configured to limit the rise and/or fall time to be lessthan or equal to one-tenth (10%) of the pulse width of an appliedstimulation pulse (e.g. less than or equal to 1 μs rise and/or fall timefor a 10 μs stimulation pulse).

In some embodiments, controller 250 comprises a matching networkconfigured to match the impedance of a first antenna 240 with theimpedance of the receiver 230. In these embodiments, controller 250'smatching network can be adjustable. Alternatively or additionally,controller 250 can comprise an adjustable loading impedance to stabilizethe load seen at an antenna 240 under different operating conditions. Insome embodiments, the adjustable loading impedance is controlledaccording to the charge rate of the energy storage assembly 270.

Controller 250 and/or any other component of each implantable device 200can comprise an integrated circuit comprising one or more componentsselected from the group consisting of: matching network; rectifier;DC-DC converter; regulator; bandgap reference; overvoltage protection;overcurrent protection; active charge balance circuit; analog to digitalconverter (ADC); digital to analog converter (DAC); current driver;voltage driver; digital controller; clock generator; data receiver; datademodulator; data modulator; data transmitter; electrode drivers;sensing interface analog front end; power management circuit; energystorage interface; memory register; timing circuit; and combinations ofone or more of these.

One or more receivers 230 (singly or collectively receiver 230) cancomprise one or more assemblies, such as demodulator 231, rectifier 232and/or power converter 233 shown in FIG. 1 . In some embodiments,receiver 230 can comprise a DC-DC converter such as a boost converter.Receiver 230 can comprise a data receiver, such as a data receiverincluding an envelope detector and demodulator and/or an envelopeaveraging circuit. In some embodiments, one more antennas 240 separatelyconnect to one or more receivers 230. In some embodiments, one or moreantennas 240 connect to a single receiver 230, such as via a seriesconnection or a parallel connection.

One or more implantable devices 200 can be configured to transmit a datasignal to external system 50. In some embodiments, receiver 230 isconfigured to drive one or more antennas 240 to transmit data toexternal system 50 (e.g. to an antenna 540 of an external device 500).Alternatively or additionally, implantable device 200 can be configuredto transmit a data signal by having receiver 230 adjust a load impedanceto backscatter energy, such as a backscattering of energy which can bedetected by external system 50. In some embodiments, data transmissionis accomplished by receiver 230 manipulating a signal at a tissueinterface, such as to transmit a data signal using body conduction.

In some embodiments, receiver 230 comprises a matching network, such asa matching network configured to detune to prevent oversaturation. Forexample, implantable system 20 can comprise two or more implantabledevice 200 each of which includes a receiver 230 comprising a matchingnetwork. A first implantable device 200's receiver 230's matchingnetwork can be configured to detune based on power received by thesecond implantable device 200's receiver 230.

Demodulator 231 can comprise circuitry that asynchronously recoverssignals modulated on the power signal provided by external system 50,and converts the modulated signals into digital signals. In someembodiments, demodulator 231 asynchronously recovers the modulatedsignal by comparing a dynamically generated moving average with theenvelope, outputting a high voltage when the envelope is greater thanthe moving average and a low voltage when the envelope is less than themoving average. Data can then be extracted from this resulting digitalsignal from the width and/or amplitude of the pulses in the signal,according to the encoding method used by external system 50. In someembodiments, demodulator 231 recovers a digital signal that can be usedas timing information for an implantable device 200, similar to anon-chip clock. The recovered clock signal can also be used tosynchronize an on-chip clock generator of controller 250, such asthrough the use of a frequency and/or phase locked loop (FLL or PLL).

Rectifier 232 can comprise a power signal rectifier, such as to providepower to the energy storage assembly 270 and/or controller 250. In someembodiments, rectifier 232 comprises one or more self-driven synchronousrectifier (SDSR) stages connected in charge-pump configuration, to boostthe voltage from input RF amplitude to the rectifier to a highervoltage. The boosted voltage can directly charge energy storage assembly270, or be further boosted by a DC-DC converter or boost converter. Insome embodiments, rectifier 232 can comprise diode-capacitor ladderstages instead of, or in addition to, SDSR stages. On-chip diodes, suchas Schottky diodes, or off-chip diodes can be used in one or morerectifier 232 stages. For maximum efficiency, the rectificationelements, such as diodes, can be optimized to minimize forwardconduction and/or reverse conduction losses by properly sizing thecomponents and selecting appropriate number of stages based on the inputRF voltage and load current.

Power converter 233 can comprise one or more voltage conversion elementssuch as DC-DC converters that boost or otherwise change the voltage to adesired level. In some embodiments, voltage conversion is achieved witha buck-boost converter, a boost converter, a switched capacitor, and/orcharge pumps. One or more power converters 233 can interface with energystorage assembly 270 and charge up associated energy storage componentsto desired voltages. In some embodiments, power converter 233 receivescontrol signals from controller 250, such as to configure voltages,currents, charge/discharge rates, switching frequencies, and/or otheroperating parameters of power converter 233.

One or more implantable leads 265 (singly or collectively lead 265) canbe attached to one or more housings 210, such as a lead 265 comprisingone or more functional elements 260. Lead 265 can comprise one or morefunctional elements 260 configured as a stimulation element (e.g. anelectrode configured to deliver electrical energy in monopolar orbipolar mode or an agent delivery element such as an output port fluidlyconnected to a reservoir within housing 210). Alternatively oradditionally, lead 265 can comprise one or more functional elements 260configured as a physiologic sensor (e.g. an electrode configured torecord electrical activity of tissue or other physiologic sensor asdescribed herebelow). Alternatively or additionally, lead 265 cancomprise one or more functional elements 260 configured to transmitsignals through tissue to external system 50, such as through bodyconduction.

In some embodiments, lead 265 comprises a removable stylet configured toaid in the implantation of lead 265, such as is described in applicant'sco-pending U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/112,858,titled “Medical Apparatus including an Implantable System and anExternal System”, filed Feb. 6, 2015; the content of which isincorporated herein by reference in its entirety. In some embodiments,implantable system 20 comprises more than one lead 265, comprising oneor more functional elements 260 and attached to one or more housings 210of one or more implantable devices 200. In some embodiments, one or moreleads 265 can be attached to a single housing 210.

In some embodiments, lead 265 comprises a diameter between 1 mm and 4mm, such as a diameter between 1 mm and 2 mm. In some embodiments, lead265 comprises a length between 3 cm and 60 cm, such as a length between6 cm and 30 cm. One or more leads 265 can include between 2-64functional elements 260, such as when a lead 265 comprises between 2 and64 electrodes, such as between 4 and 32 electrodes. In some embodiments,lead 265 can comprise a paddle lead. In some embodiments, lead 265comprise a single or multi-lumen catheter, such as when an attachedimplantable device 200 is configured as an agent delivery apparatus asdescribed herein (e.g. a functional element 260 configured as a cathetercomprises at least a portion of lead 265).

One or more functional elements 260 (singly or collectively functionalelement 260) can comprise one or more sensors, transducers and/or otherfunctional elements. In some embodiments, functional elements 260comprise at least one sensor and/or at least one transducer (e.g. asingle functional element 260 or multiple functional elements 260). Insome embodiments, functional element 260 comprises a functional elementconfigured to provide a therapy, such as one or more functional elements260 configured to deliver an agent to tissue (e.g. a needle orcatheter), to deliver energy to tissue and/or to otherwise affecttissue. In some embodiments, functional element 260 comprises one ormore functional elements 260 configured to record patient information,such as when functional element 260 comprises one or more sensorsconfigured to measure a patient physiologic parameter, as describedherebelow. In some embodiments, functional element 260 comprises one ormore sensors configured to record an implantable device 200 parameter,also as described herebelow.

One or more functional elements 260 can be positioned on lead 265 asshown in FIG. 1 . Alternatively or additionally, one or more functionalelements 260 can be positioned on housing 210.

Functional element 260 can comprise one or more functional elementspositioned at one or more internal body locations. Functional element260 can comprise one or more functional elements positioned to interfacewith (e.g. deliver energy to and/or record a physiologic parameter from)spinal cord tissue, spinal canal tissue, epidural space tissue, spinalroot tissue (dorsal or ventral), dorsal root ganglion, nerve tissue(e.g. peripheral nerve tissue, spinal nerve tissue or cranial nervetissue), brain tissue, ganglia (e.g. sympathetic or parasympathetic)and/or a plexus. In some embodiments, functional element 260 comprisesone or more elements positioned proximate and/or within one or moretissue types and/or locations selected from the group consisting of: oneor more nerves; one or more locations along, in and/or proximate to thespinal cord; peripheral nerves of the spinal cord including locationsaround the back; the tibial nerve (and/or sensory fibers that lead tothe tibial nerve); the occipital nerve; the sphenopalatine ganglion; thesacral and/or pudendal nerve; brain tissue, such as the thalamus;baroreceptors in a blood vessel wall, such as in the carotid artery;

one or more muscles; the medial nerve; the hypoglossal nerve and/or oneor more muscles of the tongue; cardiac tissue; the anal sphincter; thedorsal root ganglion; motor nerves; muscle tissue; spine; vagus nerve;renal nerve; organ; heart; liver; kidney; artery; vein; bone; andcombinations of one or more of these, such as to stimulate and/or recorddata from the tissue and/or location in which the functional element 260is positioned proximate to and/or within.

In some embodiments, functional element 260 comprises one or moresensors configured to record data representing a physiologic parameterof the patient. Functional element 260 can comprise one or more sensorsselected from the group consisting of: electrode; sensor configured torecord electrical activity of tissue; blood glucose sensor; gas sensor;blood gas sensor; ion concentration sensor; oxygen sensor; pressuresensor; blood pressure sensor; heart rate sensor; cardiac output sensor;inflammation sensor; neural activity sensor; neural spike sensor;muscular activity sensor; EMG sensor, bladder volume sensor, bladderpressure sensor, gastric volume sensor; peristalsis rate sensor; pHsensor; strain gauge; accelerometer; gyroscope; GPS; respiration sensor;respiration rate sensor; flow sensor; viscosity sensor; temperaturesensor; magnetic sensor; optical sensor; MEMs sensor; chemical sensor;hormone sensor; impedance sensor; tissue impedance sensor;electrode-tissue interface impedance sensor; body position sensor; bodymotion sensor; organ motion sensor; physical activity level sensor;perspiration sensor; patient hydration sensor; breath monitoring sensor;sleep monitoring sensor; food intake monitoring sensor; digestionmonitoring sensor; urine movement sensor; bowel movement sensor; tremorsensor; pain level sensor; and combinations of one or more of these.

Apparatus 10 and functional element 260 can be configured to record apatient parameter (e.g. patient physiologic and/or patient environmentparameter) selected from the group consisting of: blood glucose; bloodpressure; EKG; heart rate; cardiac output; oxygen level; pH level; pH ofblood; pH of a bodily fluids; tissue temperature; inflammation level;bacteria level; type of bacteria present; gas level; blood gas level;neural activity; neural spikes; neural spike shape; action potential;local field potential (LFP); EEG; muscular activity; skeletal muscleactivity; bladder volume; bladder pressure; gastric volume; peristalsisrate; impedance; tissue impedance; electrode-tissue interface impedance;physical activity level; pain level; body position; body motion; organmotion; respiration rate; respiration level; perspiration rate; sleeplevel; sleep cycle; digestion state; digestion level; urine production;urine flow; bowel movement; tremor; ion concentration; chemicalconcentration; hormone level; viscosity of a bodily fluid; patienthydration level; and combinations of one or more of these.

In some embodiments, functional element 260 comprises one or moresensors configured to record data representing a parameter ofimplantable device 200. In these embodiments, functional element 260 cancomprise one or more sensors selected from the group consisting of: anenergy sensor; a voltage sensor; a current sensor; a temperature sensor(e.g. a temperature of one or more components of implantable device200); a contamination detector (e.g. to detect undesired material thathas passed through housing 210); an antenna matching and/or mismatchingassessment sensor; power transfer sensor; link gain sensor; power usesensor; energy level sensor; energy charge rate sensor; energy dischargerate sensor; impedance sensor; load impedance sensor; instantaneouspower usage sensor; average power usage sensor; bit error rate sensor;signal integrity sensor; and combinations of one or more of these.Apparatus 10 can be configured to analyze (e.g. via implantablecontroller 250, external controller 550 and/or diagnostic assembly 91described herebelow) the data recorded by functional element 260 toassess one or more of: power transfer; link gain; power use; energywithin energy storage assembly 270; performance of energy storageassembly 270; expected life of energy storage assembly 270; dischargerate of energy storage assembly 270; ripple or other variations ofenergy storage assembly 270; matching of antenna 240 and 540;communication error rate between implantable device 200 and externaldevice 500; integrity of transmission between implantable device 200 andexternal device 500; and combinations of one or more of these. Afunctional element 260 can be configured to record temperature, such aswhen apparatus 10 is configured to deactivate or otherwise modify theperformance of an implantable device 500 when the recorded temperatureexceeds a threshold.

In some embodiments, one or more functional elements 260 comprise atransducer configured to deliver energy to tissue, such as to treat painand/or to otherwise stimulate or affect tissue. In some embodiments,functional element 260 comprises a stimulation element, such as one ormore transducers selected from the group consisting of: an electrode; anenergy delivery element such as an electrical energy delivery element, alight energy delivery element, a laser light energy delivery element, asound energy delivery element, a subsonic sound energy delivery elementand/or an ultrasonic sound delivery element; an electromagnetic fieldgenerating element; a magnetic field generating element; a mechanicaltransducer (e.g. delivering mechanical energy to tissue); a tissuemanipulating element; a heat generating element; a cooling (e.g.cryogenic or otherwise heat extracting energy) element; an agentdelivery element such as a pharmaceutical drug delivery element; andcombinations of one or more of these.

In some embodiments, one or more functional elements 260 comprises adrug or other agent delivery element, such as a needle, port,iontophoretic element, catheter, or other agent delivering element thatcan be connected to a reservoir of agent positioned within housing 210(e.g. reservoir 225 described herebelow). In some embodiments, one ormore functional elements 260 comprise a drug eluting element configuredto improve biocompatibility of implantable system 20.

In some embodiments, one or more functional elements 260 comprise one ormore electrodes configured to deliver energy to tissue and/or to sense apatient parameter (e.g. electrical activity of tissue or other patientphysiologic parameter). In these embodiments, one or more functionalelements 260 can comprise one or more electrodes selected from the groupconsisting of: microelectrode; cuff electrode; array of electrodes;linear array of electrodes; circular array of electrodes; paddle-shapedarray of electrodes; bifurcated electrodes; and combinations of one ormore of these.

In some embodiments, apparatus 10 and functional element 260 areconfigured to both record one or more patient parameters, and also toperform a medical therapy (e.g. stimulation of tissue with energy and/oran agent). In these embodiments, the medical therapy can be performed ina closed-loop fashion, such as when energy and/or agent delivery ismodified based on the measured one or more patient physiologicparameters.

In some embodiments, one or more functional elements 260 can compriseone or more electrodes for sensing electrical activity and/or deliveringelectrical energy. Apparatus 10 can be configured to cause stochasticresonance, and the addition of white noise can enhance the sensitivityof nerves to be stimulated and/or boosts weak signals to be recorded bythe one or more functional elements 260.

In some embodiments, apparatus 10 and functional element 260 areconfigured to perform two functions: record one or more implantabledevice 200 parameters, and also perform a medical therapy (e.g.stimulation of tissue with energy and/or an agent). In theseembodiments, the medical therapy can be performed in a closed-loopfashion, such as when energy and/or agent delivery is modified based onthe measured one or more implantable device 200 parameters.

In some embodiments, one or more functional elements 260 comprise anagent delivery element, such as a fluid delivery element (e.g. acatheter, a porous membrane, an iontophoretic element or a needle) influid communication with a reservoir of the agent positioned withinhousing 210, such as reservoir 225 described herebelow.

In some embodiments, apparatus 10 comprises tool 60. Tool 60 cancomprise a data logging and/or analysis tool configured to receive datafrom external system 50 or implantable system 20, such as datacomprising: diagnostic information recorded by external system 50 and/orimplantable system 20; therapeutic information recorded by externalsystem 50 and/or implantable system 20; patient information (e.g.patient physiologic information) recorded by implantable system 20;patient environment information recorded by implantable system 20; andcombinations of one or more of these. Tool 60 can be configured toreceive data from wired or wireless (e.g. Bluetooth) means. Tool 60 cancomprise a tool selected from the group consisting of: a data loggingand/or storage tool; a data analysis tool; a network such as a LAN orthe Internet; a cell phone; and combinations of one or more of these.

In some embodiments, tool 60 comprises a battery charging assembly, suchas an assembly configured to recharge one or more power supplies 570comprising a rechargeable battery or capacitor.

In some embodiments, tool 60 comprises an implantation tool, such as anintroducer or other implantation tool constructed and arranged to aid inthe implantation of housing 210, implantable antenna 240, lead 265and/or one or more functional elements 260. In some embodiments, tool 60comprises an implantation tool such as is described herebelow inreference to FIGS. 21 and 22A-D.

In some embodiments, lead 265 comprises a paddle lead or otherstimulating lead and tool 60 comprises an introducer (e.g. a needle oran extended-width introducer) configured to deliver at least a distalportion of lead 265 into an epidural space of a patient. Tool 60 cancomprise an introducer comprising a Tuohy needle, such as a Tuohy needleof 12 gauge or smaller. Tool 60 can comprise a handle for manipulatinglead 265. Tool 60 can be configured to place lead 265 at an entry pointabove the lumbar spinal column (e.g. between L1 and L2 vertebrae). Tool60 can include extension tubing used to insert lead 265. Tool 60 canfurther comprise a tool configured to anchor lead 265, such as when tool60 comprises sutures, clips, other anchoring elements and/or an anchorsecuring tool (e.g. a needle or a stapling device), such as to securelead 265 in subcutaneous tissue. Lead 265 and/or tool 60 can compriseextension tubing used to place lead 265, such as extension tubing thatremains in place after removal of an introducer of tool 60. Tool 60 canbe configured to place lead 265 against the dura of the spinal cord ofthe patient.

In some embodiments, tool 60 and/or lead 265 are constructed andarranged to implant lead 265 to stimulate one or more multifidus (MF)muscle fascicles, such as at least three sets of multifidus musclefascicles. Lead 265 can be secured to a vertebra (e.g. on the transverseprocess, lamina or vertebral body). Lead 265 can placed via tool 60 suchthat one or more functional elements 260 (e.g. electrodes) arepositioned within the multifidus muscle structures. One or morefunctional elements 260 can be positioned to deliver electrical energyand/or to otherwise stimulate tissue selected from the group consistingof: muscle motor point(s) or the deep fibers of lumbar multifidus;quadratus lumborum; the erector spinae; psoas major; transverseabdominis; connective tissue such as the annulus or facet capsule;ligaments coupling bony structures of the spine; and combinations of oneor more of these. Functional elements 260 can be positioned to:depolarize, hyperpolarize and/or block innervated sections of the musclethat will then propagate an activating and/or inhibiting stimulus alongthe nerve fibers recruiting muscle tissue remote from the site ofstimulation and/or modulate nerve activity (including inhibiting nerveconduction, improving nerve conduction and/or improving muscleactivity). In some embodiments, functional elements 260 are positionedto cause transvascular stimulation (e.g. transvascular stimulation fromarteries and/or veins in a leg or arm). In some embodiments, functionalelements 260 are positioned to stimulate nerve tissue selected from thegroup consisting of: dorsal ramus nerve; medial branch of dorsal ramusnerve; nervous tissue associated with multifidus muscle; andcombinations of one or more of these. In some embodiments, functionalelements 260 are configured to deliver stimulation energy to contractthe multifidus muscle. In some embodiments, functional elements 260 areconfigured to stimulate tissue by providing episodic electricalstimulation. In some embodiments, apparatus 10 comprises a tool 60configured to diagnose a defect in spinal muscle or the motor controlsystem. In some embodiments, apparatus 10 comprises a tool 60 configuredto test function of the multifidus muscle, such as when tool comprisesan MRI; ultrasound imager; electromyogram; tissue biopsy device; and/ora device configured to test displacement as a function of load for aspine.

In some embodiments, two or more external system 50 components areconnected by a connecting filament, such as is described hereabove.Alternatively or additionally, two or more implantable system 20components are connected by a conduit, such as a connecting filament asdescribed hereabove. Alternatively or additionally, two more externalsystem 50 components and/or two or more implantable system 20 componentstransmit information and/or power via a wireless transmitter (e.g. an RFtransmitter), magnetic coupling, capacitive coupling and/or otherwireless transmission means,

Apparatus 10 can include one or more devices, such as patient attachmentdevice 70 shown in FIG. 1 , that is used to attach one or more portionsof external system 50 to a location on or proximate the patient. In someembodiments, patient attachment device 70 is constructed and arranged asdescribed in applicant's co-pending U.S. Provisional Patent ApplicationSer. No. 62/077,181, titled “Method and Apparatus for ImplantableNeuromodulation Systems”, filed Nov. 8, 2014, the content of which isincorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

Patient attachment device 70 can comprise one or more elementsconfigured to attach one or more external devices 500 at one or morelocations on or proximate the patient's skin, that are relatively closeto one or more implantable devices 200 that have been implanted in thepatient. Patient attachment device 70 can comprise a component selectedfrom the group consisting of: belt; belt with pockets; belt withadhesive, adhesive; strap; strap with pockets; strap with adhesiveshoulder strap; shoulder band; shirt; shirt with pockets; clothing;clothing with pockets; epidural electronics packaging; clip; bracelet;wrist band; wrist watch; anklet; ankle bracelet; knee strap; knee band;thigh strap; thigh band; necklace; hat; headband; collar; glasses;goggles; earpiece; behind-the-earpiece; and combinations of one or moreof these. In some embodiments, patient attachment device 70 comprises abelt configured to surround at least one antenna 540 (e.g. at least oneantenna 540 mounted to or otherwise positioned on a printed circuitboard such as a flexible printed circuit board). Patient attachmentdevice 70 can include one or more pockets, such as one or more pocketsconfigured to collectively surround one or more of: external device 500;one or more antennas 540; power supply 570; controller 550; andcombinations of one or more of these. In some embodiments, patientattachment device 70 comprises multiple pockets, such as to allowrepositioning of an external antenna 540, external controller 550,external transmitter 530 and/or external power supply 570 to variousdifferent locations, such as to improve transmission of power and/ordata to one or more implantable devices 200 and/or improve patientcomfort. In some embodiments, one or more antennas 540, power supplies570, and/or transmitters 530 are connected through flexible cablespositioned in patient attachment device 70. In some embodiments, theflexible cables are small coax cables that can accommodate the powerlevels and frequencies of the carried signals. In some embodiments, theone or more antennas 540 are connected to one or more additionalcomponents of external device 500 through a single cable with a localpower splitting component and/or active matching element that adjustssignal power to each of the one or more antennas 540.

Apparatus 10 can comprise a device configured to operate (e.g.temporarily operate) one or more implantable devices 200, such astrialing interface 80 shown in FIG. 1 . Trialing interface 80 can beconfigured to deliver power to an implantable device 200, deliver datato an implantable device 200, and/or receive data from an implantabledevice 200. Trialing interface 80 can be configured to interface withone or more implantable devices 200 during an implantation procedure inwhich one or more implantable device 200 are implanted in a patient(e.g. a sterile clinical procedure). Trialing interface 80 can beconfigured to be sterilized one or more times. Trialing interface 80 cancomprise one or more antennas, such as an antenna similar to antenna 540of an external device 500. Trial interface 80 can comprise atransmitter, such as a transmitter similar to transmitter 530 ofexternal device 500, and a power supply, such as a power supply similarto power supply 570 of external device 500. In some embodiments,trialing interface is of similar construction and arrangement to thetrialing interface described in applicant's co-pending U.S. ProvisionalPatent Application Ser. No. 62/077,181, titled “Method and Apparatus forImplantable Neuromodulation Systems”, filed Nov. 8, 2014, the content ofwhich is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. In someembodiments, trialing interface 80 includes a housing to be positionedproximate at least a portion of implantable device 200, such as ahousing that surrounds an antenna and a transmitter that is configuredto operatively couple to (e.g. transmit power and/or data to) one ormore antennas 240 of one or more implantable devices 200.

In some embodiments, one or more implantable devices 200 of implantablesystem 20 can comprise an implantable transmitter configured to transmitdata, such as to transmit data (e.g. stimulation information, patientphysiologic information, patient environment information, implantabledevice 200 performance and/or configuration information, and the like)to one or more external devices 500. In these embodiments, receiver 230can be configured as both a receiver and a transmitter. One or moreimplantable devices 200 can be configured to transmit data by sending asignal to (i.e. “driving”) one or more antennas 240 or another antennaof implantable device 200. An implantable device 200 can be configuredto transmit data using one or more of: load modulation; a signalcarrier; and/or body conduction. An implantable device 200 can beconfigured to adjust the transmission, such as to adjust a datatransmission parameter selected from the group consisting of: data rate;pulse width; duration of carrier signal; amplitude of carrier signal;frequency of carrier signal; configurable load; and combinations of oneor more of these.

In some embodiments, apparatus 10 comprises a diagnostic assembly,diagnostic assembly 91 shown in FIG. 1 . In some embodiments, controller550 and/or implantable controller 250 comprise all or a portion ofdiagnostic assembly 91. Diagnostic assembly 91 can be configured toassess, monitor, determine and/or otherwise analyze patient informationand/or implantable device 200 information, such as when one or morefunctional elements 260 and/or 560 are configured as a sensor configuredto record patient information (e.g. patient physiologic informationand/or patient environment information) and/or apparatus 10 information(e.g. implantable device 200 information) as described hereabove.Diagnostic assembly 91 can be configured to analyze communication and/orthe power link between an implantable device 200 and an external device500. In some embodiments, such a communication link analysis can beperformed by measuring bit error rate (BER) of a known data streamduring communication signal transmission (also referred to as“communication link”) measurement phase (e.g. such as during acalibration procedure). The BER can be tracked by the implant controller250 or external controller 550, such as to monitor and keep track of anytrends in the link. This trend can be used to adjust the link and/orprovide feedback to an operator of apparatus 10 (e.g. the patient), incase the link cannot be automatically adjusted to compensate for anegative trend (e.g. such that the operator can perform physicalre-adjustment of the external system 50). Alternatively or additionally,a power link analysis can be performed by monitoring charge/dischargerate of the implanted energy storage assembly 270. Similar to thecommunication link, the power link status and/or trending can bemonitored and recorded for link adjustment and/or feedback purposes.Diagnostic assembly 91 can be configured to analyze a result ofstimulation energy delivered by implantable device 200, such as when afunctional element 260 comprises an electrode to record electricalactivity of tissue (e.g. in addition to delivering electrical energy tostimulate tissue). A functional element 260 and/or 560 can comprise asensor configured to record neural activity and/or muscular activity,and the diagnostic assembly configured to analyze the recorded sensordata. In some embodiments, diagnostic assembly 91 can be configuredanalyze impedance, such as when a functional element 260 and/or 560comprises a sensor configured to record data related to impedance, suchas when implantable device 200 performs a frequency sweep, performs animpulse response and/or compares voltage and current of a stimulationwaveform. In some embodiments, diagnostic assembly 91 is configured toassess the impedance of one or more implantable antennas 240 and/or oneor more external antennas 540. In these embodiments, impedance can beassessed by performing a function selected from the group consisting of:performing a frequency sweep; performing an impulse response; comparingvoltage and current of a waveform; and combinations of one or more ofthese.

In some embodiments, diagnostic assembly 91 is configured to test orotherwise assess the link between one or more implantable antennas 240and one or more external antennas 540 (e.g. during a procedure in whichone or more implantable devices 200 are implanted in a patient). Inthese embodiments, diagnostic assembly 91 can be configured to perform atest prior to anchoring housing 210 to tissue (e.g. prior to initial orfinal suturing into tissue such as the fascia layer). For example, lead265 can be implanted at a location to stimulate target tissue (e.g. oneor more nerves identified to treat pain or another patient condition).Prior to suturing housing 210 in its permanent location, diagnosticassembly 91 can be configured to confirm that one or more externalantenna 540 transmission links to one or more implantable antennas 240are above an efficiency threshold, for example such that sufficientpower will be received by the one or more implantable devices 200.Additionally, the procedure can be performed to optimize or otherwiseimprove the position of the one or more implantable devices 200 to beimplanted and subsequently secured to tissue.

In these link testing embodiments, diagnostic assembly 91 can comprise ahandheld assembly (e.g. a sterile assembly comprising a wand or otherhandheld housing). Diagnostic assembly 91 can be configured to send asimple signal to one or more implantable devices 200 (e.g. a diagnosticassembly 91 with similar power and/or data transmission capabilities asan external device 500). Each implantable device 200 can respond (e.g.via data sent via an implantable antenna 240 or other transmitter) withinformation related to the quality of the transmission link (e.g.information about the power received by the one or more implantabledevices 200). Diagnostic assembly 91 could provide a user interface(e.g. a speaker, a text screen and/or a video display) that providesquality or other information (go/no go information, digital or otherdiscrete level information, and/or analog information). Diagnosticassembly 91 could be further configured to provide informationconfirming detection of one or more implantable devices 200, status ofone or more implantable devices 200 (e.g. parameter level and/or faultdetection status), and/or self-diagnostic status (i.e. diagnosticassembly 91 status).

Each implantable device 200 can be configured to specifically identifyand/or specifically reply to diagnostic assembly 91 (e.g. in a differentform than communications with an external device 500). Each implantabledevice 200 can be configured to provide information related to one ormore of: the charge and/or discharge rate of energy storage assembly 270(e.g. the charge and/or discharge rate of a capacitor or battery ofenergy storage assembly 270); or the frequency of a voltage-controlledoscillator that is driven by an unregulated voltage of power converter233. Diagnostic assembly 91 can be configured to perform numerousperformance tests (e.g. of one or more implantable devices 200 orimplantation locations for one or more implantable devices 200), priorto completion of the implantation procedure (e.g. prior to closing oneor more incisions).

In some embodiments, apparatus 10 is configured to provide a therapy bydelivering stimulation energy to tissue, such as electrical energydelivered to tissue by one or more functional elements 260 comprisingone or more electrodes. Alternatively or additionally, apparatus 10 canbe configured as an agent-delivery apparatus (e.g. a pharmaceutical orother agent delivery apparatus). In some embodiments, apparatus 10comprises one or more reservoirs for storing the agent, such asreservoir 525 of external device 500 and/or reservoir 225 of implantabledevice 200, each shown in FIG. 1 . Reservoirs 525 and/or 225 can befluidly connected to one or more functional elements 560 and/or 260,respectively (e.g. via one or more tubes). Reservoirs 525 and/or 225 cancomprise one or more chambers (e.g. independent chambers configured toseparately contain incompatible drugs or otherwise prevent undesiredmultiple drug interactions). Reservoirs 525 and/or 225 can comprise avolume (e.g. a volume to store one or more agents) between 0.1 ml and 50ml, such as between 0.1 ml and 3.0 ml, or between 0.1 ml and 1.0 ml.Reservoirs 525 and/or 225 can comprise pressurized reservoirs orotherwise comprise a fluid pumping mechanism (e.g. a peristalticmechanism, syringe pump or other fluid pump). Reservoirs 525 and/or 225and can comprise refillable reservoirs (e.g. when reservoir 225 of animplantable device 200 comprises a valved opening such as a siliconeseptum or a mechanical valve, either accessible via a needle forrefilling). The fluidly attached functional elements 560 and/or 260 cancomprise a fluid delivery element selected from the group consisting of:a catheter; a porous membrane; an iontophoretic element; a needle; orcombinations of one or more of these. Delivered and/or stored (e.g. in areservoir) agents can comprise an agent selected from the groupconsisting of: an analgesic agent such as morphine, fentanyl, lidocaineor other agent delivered to treat pain; a chemotherapeutic agent such asa chemotherapeutic agent delivered systemically and/or to a location inor proximate an organ such as the liver or brain to treat cancer; anantibiotic configured to treat or prevent an infection; a hormone suchas a hormone delivered intravenously in hormonal therapy; heartmedications such as nitroglycerin, a beta blocker or a blood pressurelowing medication; a carbohydrate such as glucose or dextrose deliveredto treat a low blood sugar condition; insulin such as to treat a highblood sugar condition; a diabetic medication; a neurological medication;an epilepsy medication; and combinations of one or more of these. Insome embodiments, apparatus 10 comprises the one or more agents storedin reservoir 225 and/or 525. In some embodiments, apparatus 10 isconstructed and arranged to deliver the agent (e.g. via a catheter-basedfunctional element 560 and/or 260) to a patient location selected fromthe group consisting of: a vessel; a blood vessel; a vein; an artery;heart; brain; liver; spine; epidural space; intrathecal space;subcutaneous tissue; bone; intraperitoneal space, intraventricularspace, and combinations of one or more of these.

In some embodiments, an external device 500 is attached to the patientvia a patient attachment device 70 comprising a wrist band, wrist watch,leg band, ankle band or other band configured to position an externaldevice 500 about a limb of the patient (i.e. arm or leg of the patient).In these embodiments, one or more implantable devices 200 are implantedunder the skin proximate the intended (limb) location of external device500 and patient attachment device 70. Apparatus 10 is configured suchthat external device 500 comprises one or more antennas 540; one or moreimplantable devices 200 each comprise one or more antennas 240; and eachimplantable device 200 one or more antennas 240 receive power and/ordata from the one or more antennas 540 of the limb-attached externaldevice 500. The limb-attached external device 500 can comprise one ormore reservoirs 525 described hereabove and/or one or more functionalelements 560 configured as agent delivery elements and/or sensors. Theone or more implantable devices 200 can comprise one or more reservoirs225 described hereabove and/or one or more functional elements 260configured as agent delivery elements and/or sensors.

In some embodiments, apparatus 10 comprises an agent delivery apparatusand agent is delivered into the patient (e.g. into a blood vessel,muscle or subcutaneous tissue) by an external device 500 functionalelement 560 (e.g. a needle) based on signals recorded by an implantabledevice 200 functional element 260 (e.g. a sensor). Alternatively oradditionally, agent can be delivered into the patient (e.g. into a bloodvessel, muscle or subcutaneous tissue) by an implantable device 500functional element 260 (e.g. a needle, catheter, porous membrane oriontophoretic delivery element). The amount of agent delivered byfunctional element 260 can be based on signals recorded by animplantable device 200 functional element 260 (e.g. a sensor) and/or anexternal device 500 functional element 560 (e.g. a sensor). Externaldevice 500 can provide power to one or more implantable devices 200and/or it can send data (e.g. sensor data from a functional element 560)to implantable device 500, such as to control agent delivery byimplantable device 500.

Apparatus 10 can be configured to prevent an electromagnetic field (e.g.an electromagnetic field produced by one or more devices not included inapparatus 10 and/or other present in the patient environment) fromadversely affecting and/or otherwise affecting the patient treatmentand/or patient information recording (e.g. patient tissue stimulationand/or patient physiologic information gathering) performed by apparatus10.

Electromagnetic fields from one or more apparatus 10 devices and/orotherwise present in the patient environment are essentially potentiallyinterference to apparatus 10. The architecture of the wireless signaltransmissions of apparatus 10 can be configured to include certainunique and/or identifiable patterns in the signals transmitted byapparatus 10 to confirm (upon receipt) that the signal originated from acomponent of apparatus 10. Alternatively or additionally, thestimulation signal produced by an implantable device 200 can be createdindependent from a power signal received from an external device 500, sothat any electromagnetic interference in the wireless link does notaffect generation and delivery of the stimulation signal. In someembodiments, each implantable device 200 and/or external device 500includes unique identification codes that are required to be transmittedprior to any changes in stimulation or other implantable device 200configuration, ensuring correct operation in the presence ofinterference. Alternatively or additionally, the communication link canincorporate handshaking protocols, confirmation protocols, dataencryption and/or scrambling, coding and other security measures toensure that interfering signals do not adversely affect the implantablesystem 20 performance (e.g. stimulation). In some embodiments, externalsystem 50 and/or implantable system 20 can incorporate electromagneticabsorptive and/or reflective materials to minimize external interferencefrom other sources and/or minimize the probability of apparatus 10interfering with other systems. Alternatively or additionally, apparatus10 can incorporate error detection and protocols for entering an alarmstate (e.g. and shutting down normal operation) and/or otherwiseensuring safe operation.

In some embodiments, implantable system 20 of apparatus 10 is configuredto perform magnetic field modulation, such as targeted magnetic fieldneuromodulation (TMFN), electro-magnetic field neuromodulation, such astargeted electro-magnetic field neuromodulation (TEMFN), transcutaneousmagnetic field stimulation (TMS), or any combination of these. Eachimplantable device 200, via one or more of its functional elements 260(e.g. electrodes) can be configured to provide localized (e.g. targeted)magnetic and/or electrical stimulation. Combined electrical fieldstimulation and magnetic field stimulation can be applied by usingsuperposition, and can reduce the overall energy requirement. In someembodiments, implantable apparatus 10 comprises one or more functionalelements 260 comprising a magnetic field generating transducer (e.g.microcoils or cuff electrodes positioned to partially surround orotherwise be proximate to one or more target nerves), such as isdescribed herebelow in reference to FIGS. 20, 20A, 20B, 21C, 21D or 20E.Functional elements 260 comprising microcoils can be aligned with nervesto minimize affecting non-targeted tissue (e.g. to avoid one or moreundesired effects to non-target tissue surrounding or otherwiseproximate the target tissue). In some embodiments, the target tissuecomprises DRG tissue, and the non-target tissue comprises ventral roottissue (e.g. when the stimulation energy is below a threshold that wouldresult in ventral root tissue stimulation).

In some embodiments, external system 50 of apparatus 10 is configured toprovide mechanical external antenna 540 alignment (e.g. mechanicallyadjustable external antenna 540 alignment). Link gain between one ormore external antennas 540 and one or more implantable antennas 240 candegrade over time due to physical misalignment of the antennas, relativeorientation change between antennas and/or relative angular misalignmentbetween antennas. In order to compensate for misaligned antennas,electrical beam steering can be included in apparatus 10. Antennascomprising a multi-feed antenna structure and/or an array of antennascan be incorporated (e.g. into external antenna 540, implantable antenna240 or both) for electrical beam steering. Alternatively oradditionally, mechanical antenna steering can be implemented tophysically realign one or more external antennas 540 with one or moreimplanted antennas 240 (or vice versa). A substrate of an implantableantenna 240 and/or an external antenna 540 can be flexible and/or rigid(e.g. a substrate comprising polyamide, polyimide, Rogers, FR4, or asimilar material). One or more antennas 540 can be connected toelectronics (e.g. a transmitter, receiver or transceiver) using aflexible waveguide or cable (e.g. 50 ohm 0.047″ coaxial cable used toprovide patient comfort) and/or a flexible PCB substrate transmissionline. Mechanical or physical realignment of antennas 240 and/or 540 canbe accomplished using one or more of: use of motorized positioners, suchas a mechanism including one or more small pulleys and/or tensionersused to translate one or more antennas 240 and/or 540 about one or moreaxes; an actuator (e.g. a piezoelectric actuator) with directional gearsconfigured to translate one or more antennas 240 and/or 540 about one ormore axes; a micro-pump with fluid reservoir (e.g. liquid or gasreservoir) configured to hydraulically and/or pneumatically translateone or more antennas 240 and/or 540 about one or more axes, such as bycreating a local pressure difference. In some embodiments, a micro-pumpwith fluid reservoir can be used to move one or more antennas 240 and/or540, such as to move an external antenna 540 away from tissue to reducespecific absorption rate (SAR). In these embodiments, external antenna540 can be positioned in mechanical contact with an expandable reservoir(e.g. a balloon) positioned between external antenna 540 and tissue. Thereservoir can be inflated or deflated to control separation distance ofthe external antenna 540 from the patient's skin surface. In someembodiments, apparatus 10 comprises one or or more algorithm positioningalgorithms, beam steering functionality and/or mechanical antennasteering as described in applicant's co-pending International PCT PatentApplication Serial Number PCT/US2014/043023, titled “Method andApparatus for Minimally Invasive Implantable Modulators”, filed Jun. 18,2014, or U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/112,858, titled“Medical Apparatus including an Implantable System and an ExternalSystem”, filed Feb. 6, 2015, the content of each of which isincorporated herein in its entirety.

In some embodiments, implantable system 20 of apparatus 10 is configuredto provide paresthesia-enhanced high frequency (e.g. >1 KHz) painmanagement and rehabilitation therapy. Apparatus 10 can be configured toprovide both low frequency (e.g. <1 KHz) stimulation and high frequencystimulation, such as when providing low frequency stimulation to elicitfeedback from a patient during intraoperative or other (e.g.post-implantation) stimulation configuration. For example, trialinginterface 80 can be used during an intra-operative titration ofstimulation configuration using low frequency stimulation (e.g. toposition and/or confirm position of one or more functional elements 260,such as to confirm sufficient proximity to target tissue to bestimulated and/or sufficient distance from non-target tissue not to bestimulated). In some embodiments, high frequency stimulation isdelivered to reduce pain over extended periods of time, and lowfrequency stimulation is used in these intraoperative and/orpost-implantation titration or other stimulation configurationprocedures. Intentional elicitation of paresthesia (e.g. via lowfrequency stimulation and/or high frequency stimulation) is beneficialduring functional element 260 (e.g. electrode) implantation because apatient can provide feedback to the implanting clinician to ensure thatthe functional elements 260 are positioned close to the targetneuromodulation or energy delivery site. This implantationposition-optimizing procedure can advantageously reduce the requiredstimulation energy due to functional elements 260 being closer to targettissue, since a minimum threshold for efficacious stimulation amplitudeis proportional to the proximity of functional elements 260 to targettissue (e.g. target nerves). The patient can inform the clinician of thesensation of paresthesia coverage, and the clinician can adjustfunctional element 260 position to optimize functional element 260location for efficacious treatment while minimizing unintentionalstimulation of non-target tissue (e.g. motor nerves or nerves which arenot affected by pain). These paresthesia-inducing techniques (e.g. usinglow frequency stimulation and/or high frequency stimulation) can be usedduring or after implantation of one or more implantable systems 200.

In some embodiments, apparatus 10 is configured to deliver low frequencystimulation energy (e.g. electrical energy) to stimulate motor nerves,such as to improve tone and structural support (e.g. physical therapy).In these embodiments, apparatus 10 can be further configured to providehigh frequency stimulation, such as to treat pain (e.g. suppress and/orcontrol pain). The combined effect can be used not only for painmanagement but also muscle strengthening and gradual healing ofsupportive structures.

As described above, apparatus 10 can be configured for treating numerousdisease and disorders, such as neuropathy (e.g. peripheral neuropathy)and/or neuralgia. Apparatus 10 can be configured to treat neuropathy,neuralgia and/or other nerve pain that is related to: surgery; trauma;infection (e.g. a herpetic infection); and/or diabetes (e.g. diabeticneuropathy). One or more functional elements 260 can be configured todeliver stimulation energy (e.g. electrical energy, magnetic energy,light energy and/or sound energy) to nerve tissue such as tissue of thecentral nervous system and/or peripheral nervous system. One or moreleads 265 (each comprising one or more functional elements 260) can beimplanted in and/or proximate the spinal cord, the groin and/or a jointsuch as the hip. For example, apparatus 10 can be configured to treatone or more of: post-surgical neuralgia (e.g. following hernia repairsuch as a hernia repair including an implanted mesh); headache (e.g. dueto occipital neuralgia); post-herpetic neuralgia; chronic pelvic and/orhip pain; knee pain; and combinations of one or more of these.

Knee pain, such as from joint degeneration or join replacement surgery,can be treated via neuromodulation of the nerves innervating the kneeand/or via stimulation of the tissue surrounding the knee (peripheral“field” stimulation). In some embodiments, one or more leads 265, suchas up to eight leads 265, are placed near and around the knee, such asin proximity to the nerves innervating the knee or within the tissuesurrounding the knee. Leads may simply be placed subcutaneously forfield stimulation or may be placed directly adjacent to specific nervetargets. In some instances, four leads are placed near and around theknee: medial, lateral, superior and inferior to the knee. It may beappreciated that in some embodiments more or fewer leads may be used.Example nerve targets are as follows:

-   -   Medial knee—medial femoral cutaneous or infrapatellar cutaneous        branches of saphenous nerve;    -   Lateral knee—constant articular branches of common peroneal,        lateral retinacular nerve;    -   Anterior knee—lateral, medial, or anterior cutaneous femoral        nerve, infrapatellar branch of saphenous nerve, medial or        lateral retinacular nerve or articular branches of peroneal        nerve;    -   Posterior knee—obturator, posterior tibial or sciatic nerves.

In addition, the following nerves may be stimulated to treat knee pain:

-   -   Arising from the tibial nerve are the superior, middle and        inferior genicular nerves.    -   Arising from the common peroneal are the superior lateral,        inferior lateral, and recurrent genicular nerves.    -   Arising from the obturator nerve is the genicular branch of        obturator.    -   Arising from the femoral nerve is the saphenous.

It may be appreciated that each of these targets may be accessedtransvascularly.

To treat pain related to hernia or hernia repair, one or more functionalelements 260 (e.g. on a lead 265 and/or on a housing 210) can bepositioned to stimulate tissue of the peripheral nervous system and/orthe central nervous system. In some embodiments, one or more functionalelements 260 are positioned to stimulate the cutaneous branch of theilioinguinal, inguinal and/or genital branch of the genitofemoralnerves. In some embodiments, one or more functional elements 260 arepositioned to stimulate corresponding branches of spinal nervescorrelating to one or more dermatomes related to pain associated with atleast one of hernia or hernia repair.

Hernia or hernia repair can lead to: inguinal pain; ilioinguinalneuralgia; post-traumatic neuropathic pain; ilioinguinal nerveentrapment; neuropathic pain of ilioinguinal origin; post-surgicalinguinal pain; genitofemoral pain; genitofemoral neuralgia;genitofemoral nerve entrapment; neuropathic pain of genitofemoralorigin; post-surgical genitofemoral pain; iliohypogastric pain;iliohypogastric neuralgia; iliohypogastric nerve entrapment; neuropathicpain of iliohypogastric origin; post-surgical iliohypogastric pain;testicular pain; scrotal pain; penis pain; groin pain; thigh pain; analpain; rectal pain; perineal pain; abdominal adhesions; pelvic adhesions;scar pain; diffuse polyneuropathy; and combinations of one or more ofthese.

The apparatus of the present inventive concepts can be configured tostimulate the ilioinguinal nerve, genitofemoral nerve and/oriliohypogastric nerves, such as to ameliorate pain following herniarepair. One or more leads 265 (e.g. one or more leads 265 comprising oneor more electrode-based or otherwise stimulation-based functionalelements 260) can be inserted over the inguinal region (which mayinclude the inguinal ring) to stimulate any or all three of these nerves(e.g. in a unilateral or bilateral fashion). Both the ilioinguinal andgenital branch of the genitofemoral nerves pass through the inguinalring. The anterior cutaneous iliohypogastric and femoral branch of thegenitofemoral nerve can be stimulated at one or more locations proximatebut rostral (iliohypogastric) or lateral (genitofemoral) to the inguinalring. Leads 265 can comprise one or more functional elements 260comprising cylindrical, paddle, cuff and/or hemi-cuff electrodes(electrodes placed surgically near and/or around these nerves). Thenerves can be localized via ultrasound or other imaging modalities.Contrast can be used to image the vessels nearby (e.g. the testicularand/or ovarian vein and/or artery). The genital branch of thegenitofemoral nerve can be stimulated in a transvascular manner throughthe testicular vein and/or artery. The genitofemoral and/or theilioinguinal nerves can also be stimulated (e.g. transvascularlystimulated) through the femoral vein and/or artery, or via thesuperficial or deep external pudendal vein and/or artery, and/or via thesuperficial epigastric vein and/or artery.

The painful areas innervated by the ilioinguinal nerve, genitofemoralnerve and/or iliohypogastric nerves, can also be treated via spinal cordstimulation provided by apparatus 10 in the L1-L5 region of the spinalcord. In some embodiments, direct stimulation of the L1-L2 dorsal rootganglia is provided in a similar treatment. Leads 265 (e.g. percutaneousor paddle) including stimulation-based functional elements 260 can beplaced over the dorsal columns, over the dorsal roots and/or in thedorsal root entry zone, in a unilateral, bilateral and/or midlinefashion.

In some embodiments, the ilioinguinal nerve, genitofemoral nerve and/oriliohypogastric nerves are stimulated at low frequencies. In otherembodiments, it is preferred to stimulate these nerves at highfrequencies (>1 kHz). Both of these forms of stimulation can beaccomplished either via subcutaneous field stimulation or by laying theleads adjacent or near these nerves and their branches. It may beappreciated that these nerves may also be stimulated transvascularlywith low or high frequencies.

To treat occipital neuralgia, also known as C2 neuralgia, one or morefunctional elements 260 can be positioned to stimulate peripheral nervetissue to reduce pain. Occipital neuralgia is a medical conditioncharacterized by chronic pain in the upper neck, back of the head and/orbehind the eyes (areas corresponding to the locations of the lesser andgreater occipital nerves). In some embodiments, one or more leads 265,each comprising one or more functional elements 260, can be implantedtransversely, either unilaterally or bilaterally, at the level of theappropriate target cervical nerve (C1, C2, etc.). The C1, 2, 3 cervicalroots include the greater occipital nerve which originates primarilyfrom C2, and the lesser occipital nerves. Relevant trigeminal branchesinclude both the supraorbital and supratrochlear nerves from V1, theinfraorbital branches from V2, and the superficial temporal nerves fromV3. A partial convergence of these two systems occurs at theTrigemino-Cervical Complex (TCC). In some embodiments, one or morefunctional elements 260 are positioned to stimulate the trigeminaland/or occipital nerves. One or more leads 265 can be anchored to thefascia proximate the tissue to be stimulated.

To treat post-herpetic neuralgia (e.g. neuralgia associated withshingles), one or more functional elements 260 can be positioned tostimulate corresponding branches of the spinal nerves correlating to oneor more dermatomes related to the patient's shingles.

In some embodiments, apparatus 10 is configured to treat pelvic, bladderand/or bowel disorders, such as by stimulating sacral, pudendal and/ortibial nerves. In some embodiments, apparatus 10 is configured to treatpelvic pain by stimulating the tibial nerve.

Apparatus 10 can be configured to treat a bladder, bowel or otherdysfunction selected from the group consisting of: overactive bladder;urinary urgency; urinary frequency; urinary urgency frequency; urinaryurge incontinence; urinary stress incontinence; urge incontinence;stress incontinence; non-obstructive urinary retention; female sexualdysfunction; fecal incontinence; constipation; diarrhea; irritable bowelsyndrome; colitis; detrusor instability; detrusor dysfunction; spasticbladder; neurogenic bladder; detrusor sphincter dyssynergia; detrusorhyperreflexia; detrusor areflexia; and combinations of one or more ofthese.

Apparatus 10 can be configured to treat a pelvic disorder selected fromthe group consisting of: pelvic pain; painful bladder syndrome; Hunner'sulcers or lesions; interstitial cystitis; pelvic floor dysfunction;endometriosis; vulvodynia; dyspareunia; pelvic adhesions; abdominaladhesions; irritable bowel syndrome; pelvic girdle pain; pudendal nerveentrapment; pudendal neuralgia; dysmenorrhea; Müllerian abnormalities;pelvic inflammatory disease; ovarian cysts; ovarian torsion; Loin painhematuria syndrome; proctitis; prostatitis; prostadynia; post-abdominalsurgical pain; post-pelvic surgical pain; hernia pain; post-herniasurgical pain; anal pain; rectal pain; perineal pain; groin pain; vulvarpain; vaginal pain; clitoral pain; colitis; and combinations of one ormore of these.

Apparatus 10 can be configured to treat one or more of the pelvicdisorders, bladder dysfunctions and/or and bowel dysfunctions listedabove, by stimulating (e.g. using bilateral and/or unilateralstimulation) one or more of the targets listed below.

In some embodiments, the stimulated targets include the sacral nerves(roots) S2, S3 and/or S4. Stimulation of one or more sacral nerve(roots) S2, S3, S4 can be used to treat a variety of conditions,including overactive bladder, pelvic pain, incontinence, urgency,urgency frequency, fecal incontinence, painful bladder syndrome, andinterstitial cystitis, to name a few. One or more leads 265 (e.g. eachincluding one or more stimulation elements 260) can be positioned tostimulate any or all of the three roots, on a single side or both sides,in any bilateral or unilateral combination. The roots can be accessed,with the patient lying in the prone position, by positioning one or moreleads 265 (e.g. percutaneously), with or without the use of fluoroscopy,ultrasound or any other imaging modality, into one/any of the sacralforamen(a) from the posterior aspect of the sacrum. One or more leads265 can be passed through the foramen to the anterior side of thesacrum, and/or one or more leads 265 can remain inside the foramen(a).

In some embodiments, the sacral roots are approached rostrally, via thesacral canal in a retrograde manner. In these embodiments, one or moreleads 265 can be passed through the ligamentum flavum, just caudal to L5or via any of the intervertebral spaces from L5 to T12, into the spinalcanal. One or more leads 265 are then threaded, with or without the aidof visualization (fluoroscopy, ultrasound or other imaging modality), ina caudal (retrograde) manner to enter the sacral canal. One or moreleads 265 can be placed along the sacral canal, and each root can bestimulated individually and/or each root can be stimulated in concert,via one or more leads 265 positioned along the internal surface of thesacral canal, and spanning one or more foramena.

In some embodiments, one or more leads 265 are threaded from the spinalcanal into each and/or all sacral foramen(a), in an anterior direction.The sacral canal can also be accessed caudally by one or more leads 265,via the sacral hiatus in an anterograde manner.

In some embodiments, the sacral roots (S2, S3 and/or S4) are accessed asthey enter the spinal cord at the cauda equina. This access can beachieved by inserting the one or more leads 265 through the ligamentumflavum, at a location just caudal to L5, or via any of theintervertebral spaces from L5 to T12, into the spinal canal. The one ormore leads 265 can then be threaded, with or without the aid ofvisualization (fluoroscopy, ultrasound or other imaging modality), up tothe cauda equina, where the S2, S3 and/or S4 roots can be stimulatedwhere they enter the spinal cord, and/or the conus medullaris can bestimulated directly (e.g. in the same location). Stimulation of caudaequina and/or conus medullaris can be used to treat a variety ofconditions, including overactive bladder, pelvic pain, incontinence,urgency, urgency frequency, fecal incontinence, painful bladdersyndrome, and interstitial cystitis, to name a few.

In some embodiments, the pudendal nerve is stimulated through one ormore different approaches. The pudendal nerve contains both afferent andefferent fibers carried by S2, S3 and S4 roots. The pudendal fibers exitAlcock's canal near the ischial spine, where they spread out toinnervate to the bladder wall, perineum, anus, genitals and urethra.Pelvic and voiding disorders can be treated by stimulating pudendalnerve fibers, along with a variety of conditions including overactivebladder, pelvic pain, incontinence, urgency, urgency frequency, fecalincontinence, painful bladder syndrome, and interstitial cystitis, toname a few. The fibers can be accessed at the Alcock's canal via variousapproaches. In one embodiment, a transperineal approach is achieved bypositioning the patient in the lithotomy position and inserting the lead265 midpoint between the ischial tuberosity and the anus. A lead 265 isinserted toward the ischial spine, which can be palpated transvaginallyor transrectally. The ischial spine can also be visualized through anumber of imaging modalities (e.g. fluoroscopy, x-ray, ultrasound, andthe like). In another embodiment, a transvaginal approach is achieved bypositioning the patient in the lithotomy position and inserting a lead265 through the vaginal wall, adjacent to the ischial spine (e.g.through the vaginal wall toward the ischial spine). In anotherembodiment, a posterior approach is achieved by laying the patient inthe prone position and inserting a lead 265 just medial to the ischialtuberosity toward the ischial spine. This insertion can be facilitatedby rectal palpation of the ischial spine and through visualization via anumber of imaging modalities (e.g. fluoroscopy, x-ray, ultrasound, andthe like).

In some embodiments, apparatus 10 is configured to stimulate pudendalafferents, such as by stimulating the dorsal genital nerve. These fibersare located just below the skin on the dorsum of the penis or justrostral to the clitoris. In some embodiments, pudendal afferents arestimulated periurethrally. One or more leads 265 can be insertedalongside the urethra to stimulate the pudendal fibers.

In some embodiments, apparatus 10 is configured to stimulate tibialnerve fibers, such as to treat one or more pelvic disorders (e.g.voiding dysfunction, overactive bladder, pelvic pain, incontinence,urgency, urgency frequency, fecal incontinence, painful bladdersyndrome, and interstitial cystitis, to name a few). The tibial nervecan be accessed a few mm below the skin surface in the ankle immediatelyposterior to the medial malleolus. Lead 265 can comprise a cylindricalSCS-type lead, which can be inserted percutaneously in this location.Alternatively or additionally, a direct (surgical) cut-down can be usedto insert a cylindrical lead or to apply a cuff electrode directly tothe nerve. The tibial nerve can also be accessed approximately half wayup the lower leg adjacent to the tibia. One or more leads 265 can beinserted percutaneously in this location. Alternatively or additionally,a direct cut-down can be used to insert lead 265 (e.g. a cylindricallead or a cuff electrode and/or hemi-cuff electrode applied directly tothe nerve in the mid-shin location). Tibial nerve fibers can be accessedin the popliteal fossa behind the knee, for example percutaneously witha lead 265 comprising a cylindrical lead, and/or via a direct cut-down,for example with a lead 265 comprising either a cylindrical or cuffelectrode.

In some embodiments, apparatus 10 and one or more leads 265 areconstructed and arranged to stimulate the tibial and/or pudendal nervesvia a transvascular approach (i.e. stimulation energy delivered frominside a blood vessel to nerve tissue proximate the blood vessel), suchas via the femoral vein and/or artery, each of which provideintraluminal access to many other blood vessels (e.g. using standardinterventional techniques). The tibial nerve can be transvascularlystimulated by the popliteal vein and/or artery (e.g. by placing one ormore functional elements 260 in the popliteal vein and/or artery), at alocation behind the knee. The popliteal vein and/or artery can beintraluminally accessed from the femoral artery and vein. The tibialnerve also passes near the small saphenous vein, where it branches offof the popliteal vein. The posterior tibial vein and/or artery arepositioned adjacent to the tibial nerve, from the knee to the foot. Oneor more leads 265 can utilize one or more of these above locations tostimulate the tibial nerve.

In some embodiments, apparatus 10 and one or more leads 265 areconstructed and arranged to stimulate the pudendal nerve and/or sacralroots, such as using a lead 265 placed via the femoral vein and/orartery, which in turn provides intraluminal access to many vessels. Oneor more leads 265 can be configured to utilize any of the followingarteries and veins to stimulate the pudendal nerve and/or the sacralroots. One or more leads 265 can be constructed and arranged tostimulate a target site via a blood vessel selected from the groupconsisting of: the internal pudendal artery or vein (which branch off ofcommon iliac artery or vein, respectively); the inferior and superiorgluteal vein and/or artery; middle rectal, pudendal plexus and internaliliac vein and/or artery; medial and lateral sacral vein and/or artery;uterine and obturator vein and/or artery; and combinations of one ormore of these.

In some embodiments, apparatus 10 is configured to treat overactivebladder and/or urinary incontinence (singly or collectively “overactivebladder” herein). In some embodiments, apparatus 10 is configured totreat overactive bladder such as to reduce the effects of overactivebladder and/or to decrease use of one or more medications taken by thepatient to treat overactive bladder. In some embodiments, one or morefunctional elements 260 are positioned to stimulate tissue of thecentral nervous system or tissue and/or tissue of the peripheral nervoussystem to treat overactive bladder, such as to stimulate one or morenerves that control and/or are otherwise related to bladder function(e.g. to increase bladder capacity, improve bladder emptying, reduceurge incontinence and/or reduce stress incontinence). For example, oneor more functional elements 260 can be positioned to stimulate tibialnerve tissue and/or sacral nerve tissue (e.g. at least the S3 nerveroot) to treat overactive bladder. In some embodiments, lead 265 isconstructed and arranged to be positioned along one or more locations ofthe tibial nerve, such as a positioning performed using percutaneoustechnique (e.g. when lead 265 comprises a cylindrical SCS-type lead)and/or surgical (cut-down) techniques (e.g. when lead 265 comprise acuff electrode and/or hemi-cuff electrode applied directly to thenerve). The tibial nerve branches off of the sciatic nerve just abovethe knee, and runs along the length of the tibia, medial and lateral tothe tibia. The tibial nerve then passes posterior to the medialmalleolus prior to innervating the plantar surface of the foot. Lead 265can be constructed and arranged to access sites proximate the tibialnerve percutaneously and/or through an incision at the back of the kneein the popliteal fossa, along the tibia or behind the medial malleolus.The housing 210 can be placed anywhere in the leg when stimulating thetibial nerve. Lead 265 can be constructed and arranged to stimulate thetibial nerve through a transvascular approach, via the femoral veinand/or artery, each of which provide intraluminal access to manyvessels. The tibial nerve can be accessed by the popliteal artery andvein behind the knee, which are intraluminally accessible from thefemoral artery and vein, respectively. The tibial nerve also passes nearthe small saphenous vein, where it branches off of the popliteal vein.The posterior tibial vein and artery travel adjacent to the tibial nervefrom the knee to the foot. One or more leads 265 can be constructed andarranged to utilize any of these locations to transvascularly stimulatethe tibial nerve (e.g. transvascularly stimulate the tibial nerve viathe popliteal artery, popliteal vein, saphenous vein, posterior tibialartery and/or posterior tibial vein via a lead 265 advanced via thefemoral vein and/or artery). In these transvascular embodiments, thehousing 210 can be placed near the femoral or popliteal access point atlocations in the groin, perineum, scrotum, pelvis, hip, thigh, leg,behind the knee, buttocks, abdomen and/or low back. In the case ofsacral nerve stimulation, one or more leads 265 can be inserted throughan incision(s) made in the lower back, such that one or more functionalelements 260 are positioned proximate (e.g. in contact) with the sacralnerve root(s). The housing 210 can be placed anywhere in the groin,perineum, scrotum, pelvis, hip, thigh, leg, behind the knee, buttocks,abdomen and/or low back. Lead 265 (e.g. a lead 265 comprising a leadextension) can be extended underneath the skin (e.g. tunneled) to asecond incision (e.g. across the flank to the lower abdomen, across themidline to the buttocks, or low back), and a third incision can be made(e.g. in the abdomen, back or buttocks) where housing 210 can beinserted and connected to lead 265. Alternatively, housing 210 can beinserted at another internal location. If lead 265 is already connected(e.g. attached in manufacturing) to housing 210, lead 265 can beadvanced in the opposite direction, such as from the third incision, tothe second incision, to the first incision (if three incisions aremade), or housing 210 can be advanced under the tissue from incision 1to incision 2 or from incision 2 to incision 3. In some embodiments,only 1 or 2 incisions are performed. In some embodiments, such as whenlead 265 is already connected (e.g. attached in manufacturing) tohousing 210, lead 265 and housing 265 are implanted as describedherebelow in reference to one or more of FIG. 21 or 22A-D. In someembodiments, a first lead 265 and a first housing 210 (pre-attached orattachable) are utilized in a dose titration or other “trialingprocedure”, and a second lead 265 and housing 210 (pre-attached orattachable) are implanted in the patient for subsequent treatment of thepatient.

In some embodiments, one or more functional elements 260 are positionedto perform posterior tibial nerve stimulation (PTNS), also referred toas percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation, such as to perform an indirectform of neuromodulation to treat bladder voiding dysfunction. Theposterior tibial nerve is derived from the lumbar-sacral nerves (L4-S3),which innervate the bladder detrusor and pelvic floor. In someembodiments, one or more functional elements 260 can be positioned toperform retrograde stimulation of the sacral nerve plexus and restorethe balance between bladder inhibitory and excitatory control systems ofthe bladder. One or more functional elements 260 can be positioned abovethe ankle, proximate and/or into the tibial nerve. Implantable device200 can deliver stimulation energy to the functional elements 260comprising low-voltage electrical stimulation configured to producesensor and/or motor responses. Apparatus 10 can be configured to providecontinuous and/or intermittent stimulation to tissue, such as tomodulate transmission of excitatory nerve signals to the bladdermuscles. In some embodiments, system 20 is configured to deliver aseries of repeated stimulation periods, such as a regimen ofapproximately: weekly thirty minute sessions of stimulation for twelveweeks. In some embodiments, system 20 is configured to provide daily orhourly sessions that deliver stimulation for between 10 minutes and 60minutes. In some embodiments, apparatus 10 is configured to achieve anapproximate 50% reduction in urinary urge incontinence and/or urinaryurgency/frequency episodes.

In some embodiments, apparatus 10 is configured to provide temporarystimulation of tissue to treat overactive bladder, such as by usingtrialing device 80 described hereabove in reference to FIG. 1 , such asto provide power and/or date to one or more implantable devices 200 toconfirm acceptable improvement of the patient's overactive bladder (e.g.successful stimulation of one or more sacral nerves, tibial nerves orother tissue), before closing an incision or otherwise fully implantingone or more implantable devices 200. In some embodiments, a temporarystimulation is provided for up to one week or up to one month. In someembodiments, one or more implantable devices 200 are left in place ifthe temporary stimulation period is successful or unsuccessful (e.g.left implanted due to its small size or otherwise minimal impact on thepatient).

In some embodiments, apparatus 10 is configured to stimulate a region ofthe pelvic floor, such as to: change the reflex thresholds of thebladder muscles responsible for bladder emptying, strengthen and/orotherwise improve the condition of the muscles that maintain closure onthe bladder outlet; change the state of the neural pathways, musculatureand/or bladder during and beyond the period stimulation; and/orotherwise decrease the severity of urinary incontinence. In someembodiments, one or more functional elements 260 are positioned tostimulate periurethral muscles. In some embodiments, one or morefunctional elements 260 are positioned to stimulate tissue of the vaginaor anus. In some embodiments, one or more functional elements 260 arepositioned to stimulate sphincter muscles for controlling the bladder,such as two functional elements 260 positioned on either side of theurethral orifice. In these embodiments, housing 210 can be implanted insuprapubic region or in the perineum. In some embodiments, lead 265comprises (e.g. on a distal portion) a pessary ring comprising twofunctional elements 260. In some embodiments, functional elements 265comprise periurethral electrodes configured to stimulate pudendalafferents.

As described above, apparatus 10 can be configured for treating numerousdiseases, disorders or other undesirable patient conditions, such asfecal incontinence. Injury of nerves that sense stool in the rectum canlead to fecal incontinence. In some embodiments, one or more functionalelements 260 (e.g. one or more electrical, magnetic, light or otherenergy delivery elements) of one or more leads 265 and/or one or moreimplantable devices 200 are configured to stimulate tissue to treatfecal incontinence, such as to treat tissue selected from the groupconsisting of: sacral nerve tissue; tissue whose stimulation strengthensmuscles of the bowel and/or rectum; and combinations of one or more ofthese. In these fecal incontinence applications, leads 265 can beimplanted in a location selected from the group consisting of: thepelvic girdle; the sacral foramina; the lower back; the upper buttock;and combinations of one or more of these, such as to stimulate sacralnerve tissue. Leads 265 can be anchored via lead anchors (silicone orother materials), suture, staples, clips, adhesive and the like, such asan attachment to the underlying fascia of target tissue to bestimulated. In some embodiments, apparatus 10 is configured to treatboth fecal incontinence and a bladder disorder such as overactivebladder, such as when one or more functional elements 260 are configuredto deliver energy to sacral nerve or other tissue.

In some embodiments, apparatus 10 is configured to treat fecalincontinence, overactive bladder (i.e. overactive bladder and/or urinaryincontinence), and/or pelvic disorders, and implantable device 200:comprises between 2 and 6 functional elements 260, such as fourelectrodes; delivers electrical stimulation energy at a range ofapproximately between 10 Hz and 15 Hz (or a range of between 5 Hz and 25Hz); delivers electrical stimulation energy with a pulse width ofapproximately between 180 μsec and 240 μsec (or between 10 μsec and 200μsec); provides electrical stimulation energy with an amplitude ofapproximately 0.1V to 8.5V (e.g. providing a current between 0.1 mA to10 mA), such as an amplitude between 0.4V and 2.0V; delivers continuouselectrical stimulation energy; delivers intermittent electricalstimulation energy, such as with a period between 8 seconds and 24seconds and/or an on time between 8 seconds and 16 seconds; deliversmonopolar electrical energy; delivers bipolar electrical energy; andcombinations of one or more of these.

In some embodiments, apparatus 10 is configured to treat an occipitalneuralgia, such as migraine headache, headache and/or cluster headache,and one or more functional elements 260 (e.g. small column paddleelectrodes, standard paddle electrodes or other electrodes) arepositioned to stimulate nerve tissue selected from the group consistingof: occipital; supraorbital; infraorbital; greater occipital nerve(GON); lesser occipital nerve (LON); both supraorbital and GON;supratroclear; sphenopalantine (SPG); and combinations of one or more ofthese.

In some embodiments, apparatus 10 is configured to treat neuralgia, suchas a neuralgia resulting from surgery (e.g. groin, shoulder, lung and/oramputation), trauma and/or phantom pain, and one or more functionalelements 260 are positioned to stimulate nerve tissue.

In some embodiments, apparatus 10 is configured to treat neuralgia, suchas a neuralgia resulting from groin surgery (e.g. hernia or other groinsurgery), and one or more functional elements 260 are positioned tostimulate nerve tissue selected from the group consisting of:ilioinguinal; genitofemoral; iliohypogastric; and combinations of one ormore of these.

In some embodiments, apparatus 10 is configured to treat neuralgia, suchas a neuralgia resulting from shoulder surgery, and one or morefunctional elements 260 are positioned to stimulate axial nerve tissue(e.g. one or more functional elements 260 positioned on a lead 265implanted in a suprascapular location).

In some embodiments, apparatus 10 is configured to treat neuralgia, suchas a neuralgia resulting from lung surgery, and one or more functionalelements 260 are positioned to stimulate intercostal nerve tissue.

In some embodiments, apparatus 10 is configured to treat neuralgia, suchas a neuralgia associated with carpal tunnel syndrome, and one or morefunctional elements 260 are positioned to stimulate median nerve tissue.

In some embodiments, apparatus 10 is configured to treat neuralgia, suchas a neuralgia associated with temporomandibular joint disorder (TMJ),and one or more functional elements 260 are positioned to stimulate V2of trigeminal nerve tissue.

In some embodiments, apparatus 10 is configured to treat neuralgia, suchas a facial neuralgia, and one or more functional elements 260 arepositioned to stimulate trigeminal nerve tissue.

In some embodiments, apparatus 10 is configured to treat neuralgia, suchas a leg (sciatic) neuralgia, and one or more functional elements 260are positioned to stimulate nerve tissue proximal a contributing lesion.

In some embodiments, apparatus 10 is configured to treat pelvic pain,such as interstitial cystitis and/or bladder pain, and one or morefunctional elements 260 are positioned to stimulate peripheral nervoussystem tissue (e.g. pudendal tissue and/or S-2, S-3 and/or S-4 roots)and/or central nervous system tissue (e.g. lower spinal cord and/or S3neural foramen).

In some embodiments, apparatus 10 is configured to treat pelvic pain,such as anal pain, and one or more functional elements 260 arepositioned to stimulate peripheral nerve tissue such as pudendal tissueand/or S-2, S-3 and/or S-4 roots.

In some embodiments, apparatus 10 is configured to treat subcutaneouspain, and one or more functional elements 260 (e.g. paddle electrodes)are positioned to stimulate nerve tissue.

In some embodiments, apparatus 10 is configured to treat diabeticneuropathy, such as painful diabetic neuropathy, and one or morefunctional elements 260 are positioned proximate the lower spinal cord(e.g. to stimulate S3 nerves) or other body location to stimulate nervetissue.

In some embodiments, apparatus 10 is configured to treat visceral pain,angina and/or other pain, and one or more functional elements 260 arepositioned to stimulate the vagus nerve.

In some embodiments, apparatus 10 is configured to treat peripheralvascular disease, diabetic neuropathy and/or other conditions associatedwith diabetes, such as to treat a disease or disorder selected from thegroup consisting of: peripheral diabetic neuropathic pain; painfuldiabetic peripheral neuropathy; peripheral vascular disease; peripheralarterial disease;

peripheral artery disease; cardiac autonomic neuropathy; diabeticautonomic neuropathy; diabetic sensory neuropathy; diabetic motorneuropathy; diabetic sensorimotor neuropathy; diabetic muscular atrophy;diabetic neurovascular disease; and combinations of one or more ofthese. In these embodiments, lead 265 can be positioned proximate anerve in the foot, leg, arm and/or sacrum (e.g. such that one or morefunctional elements 260 are positioned proximate the nerve to bestimulated). In some embodiments, lead 265 is positioned to stimulatethe dorsal root ganglia to treat diabetic neuropathy (e.g. diabeticneuropathy of the hand and/or foot). Lead 265 can be implantedpercutaneously and/or surgically as described herein. Lead 265 and/orone or more functional elements 260 can comprise a paddle electrode,such as one or more paddle electrodes implanted in the foot, leg and/orarm. Lead 265 and/or one or more functional elements 265 can comprise acuff or hemi-cuff electrode surgically implanted around a nerve in thefoot, leg and/or arm. Apparatus 10 can be configured to provide spinalcord stimulation, either through percutaneous insertion of one or moreleads 265 in the epidural space or surgical implantation of a lead 265comprising a paddle lead positioned in the epidural space. Apparatus 10can be configured to provide transvascular stimulation of nerves in thefoot, leg and/or arm, (e.g. to treat diabetic neuropathy) such as whenone or more leads 265 are interventionally advanced into the venous orarterial system. Leads 265 can be positioned using percutaneoustransforaminal placement in the sacral foramina, such as for treatmentof foot or leg disorders. Leads 265 can be constructed and arranged forcephalocaudal insertion (retrograde) into the epidural space or sacralcanal, such as for treatment of foot or leg disorders. Leads 265 can beconstructed and arranged to provide dorsal root ganglion stimulation,such as for treatment of foot, leg, arm and/or hand disorders.

One or more leads 265 (e.g. each including one or more functionalelements 260) can be constructed and arranged to stimulate tibial nervefibers, such as to treat diabetic neuropathy and/or diabetic relatedmaladies of the foot. The tibial nerve can be accessed as describedherein.

One or more leads 265 can be configured to stimulate the peroneal nerveor saphenous nerve, such as at one or more locations describedherebelow. The peroneal nerve can be accessed percutaneously orsurgically behind the knee in the popliteal fossa where it branches offof the sciatic nerve. It can also be accessed as it wraps around thelateral aspect of the knee just prior to diving under the fibularislongus and extensor digitorum longus muscles. The deep fibular nerve (abranch of the peroneal nerve) innervates top medial foot, whereas thesuperficial fibrular (peroneal) innervates top of both medial andlateral foot. In some embodiments, functional element 260 comprises oneor more electrodes positioned in the anterior tibial vein and/or arteryto transvascularly stimulate the deep fibular nerve. The saphenous nervecomes off the femoral nerve deep in the thigh. It passes around themedial aspect of the knee medial to the patella. It then runs down themedial shin adjacent to the tibia, gastrocnemius and soleus muscleswhere it can be accessed surgically or percutaneously. It then surfacesjust as it warps around the anterior aspect of the medial malleoluswhere it supplies the medial posterior foot in front of heel. The medialsural cutaneous nerve comes off of the tibial at the popliteal fossa,then runs down the back of the calf (over the gastrocnemius) and wrapsaround the posterior aspect of the lateral malleolus before innervatingthe lateral aspect of the sole and heel. In some embodiments, thesaphenous nerve is transvascularly stimulated by positioning one or morefunctional elements 260 in a blood vessel selected from the groupconsisting of: femoral vein; femoral artery; great saphenous vein; greatsaphenous artery; and combinations of one or more of these. In someembodiments, the sural nerve is stimulated. In these embodiments, thesural nerve can be transvascularly stimulated by positioning one or morefunctional elements 260 in the saphenous vein.

One or more leads 265 can be configured to stimulate the median nerve,ulnar nerve and/or radial nerve. The median nerve can be accessedpercutaneously in the upper arm lateral to the brachial vein and/orartery, but medial to the biceps muscle, whereas the ulnar nerve runsmedial to the brachial artery in the upper arm. The median nerve passesthrough the anterior aspect of the elbow under the bicipitalaponeurosis. The ulnar nerve runs medial and posterior to the medialepicondyle of the humerus. The median nerve can also be accessed in thewrist just proximal to the palm and the palmar carpal ligament. Theulnar nerve can be accessed just proximal to the palmar carpal ligamentadjacent to the pisiform. The radial nerve can be accessedpercutaneously just as it passes anterior to the lateral epicondyle. Insome embodiments, apparatus 10 can be configured to transvascularlystimulate at least one of a median nerve, an ulnar nerve or a radialnerve, and functional element 260 can comprise one or more electrodespositioned in a vessel selected from the group consisting of: brachialvein; brachial artery; basilic vein; basilic artery; deep vein of thearm; deep artery of the arm; and combinations thereof. In someembodiments, apparatus 10 can be configured to transvascularly stimulateat least one of a median nerve or an ulnar nerve, and functional element260 can comprise one or more electrodes positioned in a vessel selectedfrom the group consisting of: brachial vein; brachial artery; andcombinations thereof. In some embodiments, apparatus 10 can beconfigured to transvascularly stimulate the radial nerve, and functionalelement 260 can comprise one or more electrodes positioned in a vesselselected from the group consisting of: deep vein of arm; deep artery ofarm; basilic vein; radial collateral vein; radial collateral artery;medial collateral vein; medial collateral artery; radial vein; radialartery; and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, apparatus 10 canbe configured to transvascularly stimulate the medial cutaneous nerve,and functional element 260 can comprise one or more electrodespositioned in the basilic vein. In some embodiments, apparatus 10 isconfigured to transvascularly stimulate the ulnar nerve, and functionalelement 260 can comprise one or more electrodes positioned in a vesselselected from the group consisting of: ulnar collateral vein; ulnarcollateral artery; ulnar vein; ulnar artery; and combinations thereof.In some embodiments, apparatus 10 is configured to transvascularlystimulate the median nerve, and functional element 260 can comprise oneor more electrodes positioned in a vessel selected from the groupconsisting of: brachial vein; brachial artery; ulnar vein; ulnar artery;and combinations thereof.

As described herein, one or more leads 265 can be positioned tostimulate the spinal cord, such as via percutaneous insertion of a lead265 in the epidural space or surgical implantation of the lead 265 (e.g.a paddle lead) in the epidural space. A lead 265 can be placed such thatone or more functional elements 260 (e.g. one or more electrodes) arepositioned from T5-S5, such as to capture the area of pain or reducedcirculation of the leg or foot, or treat a variety of conditions,including overactive bladder, pelvic pain, incontinence, urgency,urgency frequency, fecal incontinence, painful bladder syndrome, andinterstitial cystitis, to name a few. One or more functional elements260 of one or more leads 265 can be positioned from C2 to T8, such as tocapture the area of pain or reduced circulation of the arm or hand. Oneor more leads 265 can be placed along the midline, unilaterally and/orbilaterally over the dorsal columns, in the gutter (over dorsal roots)and/or in the dorsal root entry zone. Leads 265 can span severalvertebral levels or they can be positioned to span a single level.

One or more functional elements 260 (e.g. one or more electrodesattached to one or more leads 265) can be positioned to transvascularlystimulate one or more nerves, such as one or more nerves in the foot,leg and/or arm, such as when the one or more functional elements 260 areimplanted within one or more blood vessels of the venous and/or arterialsystem.

In the leg, the tibial nerve, sacral roots and/or deep fibular nerve canbe stimulated, such as when a lead 265 accesses the tissue to bestimulated through a transvascular approach, such as via the femoralvein and/or artery, as described herein. The deep fibular nerve can bestimulated by one or more functional elements 260 positioned in theanterior tibial vein and/or the anterior tibial artery. In the arm, themedian nerve, ulnar nerve, superior ulnar nerve, medial cutaneous nerveand/or radial nerve can be stimulated, such as when lead 265 accessesthe tissue to be stimulated through a transvascular approach, such asvia the brachial vein and/or artery, the basilic vein and/or artery,and/or the deep vein and/or artery.

One or more functional elements 260 (e.g. one or more electrodesattached to one or more leads 265) can be positioned to stimulate one ormore dorsal root ganglia. Examples include dorsal root ganglia thatsupply the following nerves (e.g. to treat the leg and/or foot): commonperoneal (L4-S2); tibial (L4-S3); femoral (L2-L4); and combinations ofone or more of these. One or more functional elements 260 (e.g. one ormore electrodes attached to one or more leads 265) can be positioned tostimulate dorsal root ganglia that supply the following nerves (e.g. totreat the hand and/or arm): radial (C5-T1); median (C5-T1); ulnar(C7-T1); and combinations of one or more of these. In these embodiments,one or more leads 265 can be passed through the intervertebral foramina,either unilaterally or bilaterally, at a single vertebral level or atmultiple vertebral levels. Stimulation of various dorsal root ganglionscan be used to treat a variety of conditions, including overactivebladder, pelvic pain, incontinence, urgency, urgency frequency, fecalincontinence, painful bladder syndrome, and interstitial cystitis, toname a few.

In some embodiments, apparatus 10 is configured to treat post-amputationpain, such as to treat a disease or disorder selected from the groupconsisting of: phantom limb pain; phantom stump pain; acute andpersistent stump pain; limb pain; neuroma; Morton's neuroma;neurilemoma; neurolemoma; Schwann cell tumor; phantom limb itch; phantomlimb sensations; and combinations of one or more of these. Apparatus 10can be configured to treat the conditions associated withpost-amputation pain (i.e., stump pain), such as by using a highfrequency alternating current (HFAC) block approaches. In theseembodiments, one or more leads 265 can be implanted such that one ormore functional elements 260 stimulate one or more nerves in the leg,arm and/or sacrum. One or more leads 265 can be surgically implanted,such as when lead 265 comprises a paddle electrode positioned near anerve in the foot, leg or arm and/or a cuff electrode or hemi-cuffelectrode positioned to at least partially surround a nerve in the foot,leg or arm. One or more leads 265 can be positioned to stimulate thespinal cord, such as via a percutaneous insertion of the leads 265 inthe epidural space or surgical implantation of the lead 265 (e.g. apaddle lead) in the epidural space. One or more leads 265 can bepositioned to provide transvascular stimulation of nerves in the leg orarm, such as when one or more functional elements 260 are implantedwithin a vein or artery. One or more leads 265 can be implanted usingpercutaneous transforaminal placement in the sacral foramina, such asfor treatment of leg stump pain. One or more leads 265 can be implantedusing cephalocaudal insertion (retrograde) into the epidural space orsacral canal, such as for treatment of leg stump pain. One or more leads265 can be positioned to perform dorsal root ganglion stimulation and/orblock, such as for treatment of leg and/or arm stump pain.

In some embodiments, apparatus 10 is configured to treat occipitaland/or headache (HA) pain, such as when apparatus 10 is configured totreat a disease or disorder selected from the group consisting of:occipital neuralgia; cervicogenic headache; tension headache; chronicand episodic migraine headache; tension headache; hemicrania continua;trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias (TACs); chronic and episodic clusterheadache; chronic and episodic paroxysmal hemicranias; short-lastingunilateral neuralgiform headache attacks with conjunctival injection andtearing (SUNCT); short-lasting unilateral neuralgiform headache attackswith cranial autonomic symptoms (SUNA); long-lasting autonomic symptomswith hemicrania (LASH); post-traumatic headache; and combinations of oneor more of these.

Apparatus 10 can be configured to treat the conditions associated withheadache pain and/or occipital neuralgia by stimulating one or morenerves in the head, such as one or more nerves selected from the groupconsisting of: greater and/or lesser occipital nerve (e.g. which arisefrom C2 and C3); the greater and/or lesser auricular nerves (e.g. whichalso arise from C2 /C3); the third (least) occipital nerve (e.g. whicharises from C3); and combinations of one or more of these. Theinfraorbital or supraorbital nerves can be access subcutaneously belowand above the eye, respectively. Apparatus 10 can be configured tostimulate auriculotemporal, supratrochlear and/or sub-occipital nerves.To stimulate any of these nerves, lead 265 (e.g. a cylindrical SCS-typelead) can be inserted percutaneously either subcutaneously or under themuscle. Alternatively, surgical (e.g. direct cut-down) can be performedto insert lead 265 (e.g. a cylindrical lead, a paddle lead, a cuff orhemi-cuff electrode) proximate, one and/or around these nerves.Alternatively or additionally, the nerves can be accessedtransvascularly as described herein (e.g. when one or more functionalelements 260 are implanted in a blood vessel). Housing 210 can beimplanted anywhere in the head under the skin, including: behind theear, back of the head, the neck, in the face, and the like, where an oneor more external devices 500 can be positioned in, on and/or within ahat, headband, glasses, goggles, earpiece, necklace, patch, and thelike. Apparatus 10 can be configured to treat headache pain and/oroccipital neuralgia by stimulating tissue in the cervical spinal cord(C2-C3), for example proximate the location the nerve enters the cordfrom the foramen. One or more leads 265 can be placed over the dorsalcolumns, in the gutter, over the dorsal root entry zone and/or out inthe foramen at the dorsal root ganglion. In some embodiments, thetrigeminal and pterygopalatine ganglia are accessed by inserting one ormore leads 265 through the face or the roof of the mouth. In theseembodiments, housing 210 can be placed anywhere in the head under theskin, as described hereabove.

In some embodiments, apparatus 10 is configured to treat post-herpeticneuralgia, such as to treat a disease or disorder selected from thegroup consisting of: shingles; herpes zoster; zoster; zona; varicellazoster virus infection; zoster sine herpete; fever blisters; herpeszoster blisters; herpes zoster rash; and combinations of one or more ofthese. In some embodiments, apparatus 10 is configured to treatpost-herpetic neuralgia using high frequency alternating current (HFAC)block approaches. In these embodiments, one or more leads 265 can beimplanted such that one or more functional elements 260 stimulate one ormore nerves in the leg, arm, torso and/or sacrum. One or more leads 265can be surgically implanted, such as when lead 265 comprises a paddleelectrode positioned near a nerve in the foot, leg, torso and/or armand/or a cuff electrode or hemi-cuff electrode positioned to at leastpartially surround a nerve in the foot, leg, torso or arm. One or moreleads 265 can be positioned to stimulate the spinal cord, such as via apercutaneous insertion of the leads 265 in the epidural space orsurgical implantation of the lead 265 (e.g. a paddle lead) in theepidural space. One or more leads 265 can be positioned to providetransvascular stimulation of nerves in the leg, torso and/or arm, suchas when one or more functional elements 260 are implanted within a veinor artery. One or more leads 265 can be implanted using percutaneoustransforaminal placement in the sacral foramina, such as for treatmentof leg or foot pain. One or more leads 265 can be implanted usingcephalocaudal insertion (retrograde) into the epidural space or sacralcanal, such as for treatment of leg or foot pain. One or more leads 265can be positioned to perform dorsal root ganglion stimulation and/orblock, such as for treatment of leg, torso and/or arm pain.

In some embodiments, apparatus 10 is configured to treat angina, such asto treat a disease or disorder selected from the group consisting of:angina; chest pain caused by reduced blood flow to the heart muscle;chest pain associated with coronary artery disease such as squeezing,pressure, heaviness, tightness or pain in the chest; recurring anginapectoris; acute angina pectoris; chronic angina pectoris; acute coronarysyndrome; chest pain; coronary artery spasms; microvascular angina;Prinzmetal's angina; angina inversa; stable or common angina; unstableangina; variant angina; and combinations of one or more of these.

In some embodiments, apparatus 10 is configured to treat carpal tunnelsyndrome, such as to treat a disease or disorder selected from the groupconsisting of: median nerve entrapment; tingling and/or numbness infingers or hand; median nerve irritation or compression; narrowing ofthe carpal tunnel; and combinations of one or more of these.

In some embodiments, apparatus 10 is configured to treat erectiledysfunction (ED), such as to treat a disease or disorder selected fromthe group consisting of: impotence; male sexual dysfunction; inabilityto develop or maintain an erect penis; cardiogenic ED; vasculogenic ED;diabetic ED; neurogenic ED; traumatic ED; post-prostatectomy ED;hormonal ED; hyopogonadism; pharmacological ED; and combinations of oneor more of these.

In some embodiments, apparatus 10 is configured to treat complexregional pain syndrome (CRPS), such as to treat a disease or disorderselected from the group consisting of: CRPS type 1; CRPS type 2; reflexsympathetic dystrophy; causalgia; reflex neurovascular dystrophy;amplified musculoskeletal pain syndrome; systemic autonomicdysregulation; neurogenic edema; musculoskeletal pain; and combinationsthereof.

Referring now to FIG. 2 , a schematic anatomical view of an apparatusfor treating and/or diagnosing a patient comprising multiple implantabledevices is illustrated, consistent with the present inventive concepts.Apparatus 10 comprises implantable system 20 and external system 50.Implantable system 20 can comprise two or more implantable devices, suchas implantable devices 200 a and 200 b, up to 200 n (singly orcollectively implantable device 200) shown in FIG. 2 . Each implantabledevice 200 is shown implanted beneath the skin of patient P. Externalsystem 50 can comprise one or more external devices 500, such asexternal devices 500 a, 500 b up to 500 n (singly or collectivelyexternal device 500) shown in FIG. 2 . Apparatus 10 of FIG. 2 cancomprise tool 60, patient attachment device 70, trialing interface 80and/or diagnostic assembly 91, not shown but such as is describedhereabove in reference to FIG. 1 .

Each external device 500 is configured to transmit power and/or data toone or more implantable devices 200. In some embodiments, one or moreexternal devices 500 are configured to transmit both power and data(e.g. simultaneously and/or sequentially) to one or more implantabledevices 200. In some embodiments, one or more external devices 500 arefurther configured to receive data from one or more implantable devices200. Each external device 500 can comprise housing 510, power supply570, transmitter 530 and/or antenna 540, any or all of which can be ofsimilar construction and arrangement to the similar components ofexternal device 500 described hereabove in reference to FIG. 1 .

External system 50 can further comprise controller 550, which cancomprise a user interface, such as user interface 555 and can be ofsimilar construction and arrangement to controller 550 describedhereabove in reference to FIG. 1 . Controller 550 is configured tocontrol one or more external devices 500, such as external devices 500a, 500 b through 500 n shown in FIG. 2 . Controller 550 can sendcommands to an external device 500 via a wireless and/or wiredconnection (wired connection not shown but such as a connectioncomprising one or more insulated conductive wires). In some embodiments,one or more external devices 500 comprise controller 550, such as whenuser interface 555 is integrated into a housing 510 of an externaldevice 500.

In some embodiments, a first external device 500 a is positionedproximate a first implantable device 200 a, and a second external device500 b is positioned proximate a second implantable device 200 b, asshown in FIG. 2 . In some embodiments, one or more external devicesdefine a radiation footprint, as described hereabove. The radiationfootprint can be expanded by incorporating an array of antennas 540 intoexternal system 50 and/or an array of antennas 240 into implantablesystem 20. External system 50 can activate one or more antennas 540within the array based on power link and/or data link monitoringinformation that controller 550 receives from one or more implantabledevices 200. The acceptable range of depths between external antenna 540and implantable antenna 240 can vary (e.g. vary between applicationsand/or patient geometry), such as an acceptable depth range between 0.3cm and 7 cm, between 0.5 cm and 5 cm, or between 1 cm and 3 cm. Lateraland/or angular misalignment can be compensated for by utilizingcontrollable polarizations and activation of one or more antennas 540 inan antenna array and/or by using orthogonal implantable antennas 240.Alternatively or additionally, two or more implantable antennas 240 canbe oriented in different planes with respect to each other and/orimplantable antennas 240 can comprise combinations of dipole and loopantennas. In some embodiments, lateral misalignment tolerance can bebetween 0.1 cm and 10 cm, such as between 0.1 cm and 5 cm, or between0.1 cm and 3 cm.

Each implantable device 200 is configured to receive power and/or datafrom one or more external devices 500. Each implantable device 200comprises an implantable antenna 240, comprising one or more implantableantennas positioned within or outside of housing 210. In the embodimentshown in FIG. 2 , each implantable antenna 240 is positioned outside ofhousing 210, and operatively connected to housing 210 (e.g. electricallyconnected to one or more components within housing 210) by connectingfilament 242. Connecting filament 242 can comprise one or more wiresconfigured to electrically connect one or more antennas 240 to housing210. Alternatively or additionally, filament 242 can comprise one ormore connecting filaments as defined herein. In some embodiments, one ormore implantable devices 200 are configured to receive both power anddata (e.g. simultaneously and/or sequentially) from one or more externaldevices 500. In some embodiments, a single external device 500 sendspower and/or data to multiple implantable devices 200. Alternatively oradditionally, two or more external devices 500 can send power and/ordata to a single implantable device 200.

In some embodiments, one or more implantable devices 200 are furtherconfigured to transmit data to one or more external devices 500. Eachimplantable device 200 can comprise housing 210, energy storage assembly270, receiver 230, demodulator 231, rectifier 232, power converter 233,antenna 240, controller 250 and/or lead 265, any or all of which can beof similar construction and arrangement to the similar components ofimplantable device 200 described hereabove in reference to FIG. 1 .

Each lead 265 a, 265 b through 265 n (singly or collectively lead 265)can each comprise one or more functional elements 260, such asfunctional element 260 a, 260 b through 260 n, respectively. Eachfunctional element 260 can comprise one or more functional elements,such as one or more functional elements 260 described hereabove inreference to FIG. 1 . Each functional element 260 can comprise a sensor,a transducer and/or other functional elements. In some embodiments, oneor more functional elements 260 comprise a sensor such as a sensorconfigured to record data representing a patient parameter or animplantable device 200 parameter. In some embodiments, one or morefunctional elements 260 comprise an electrode or other elementconfigured to deliver energy to tissue, such as to treat pain and/or tostimulate tissue.

In some embodiments, one or more components of external system 50 (e.g.one or more power supplies 570, antennas 540, and the like) can compriseswappable, replaceable, and/or position-adjustable components. One ormore portions of external system 50 can be positioned on, in and/orwithin an elastic belt with multiple pockets to surround one or morecomponents of the external system 50 (e.g. for patient comfort and/orease of use). The patient can choose the placement of the supportedcomponents depending on physical activity and/or comfort preference(e.g. patients who prefer sleeping on their back can choose to positiona power supply 570 in a pocket on a side or front body position of thebelt). Power supply 570 (e.g. a rechargeable battery) can bedisconnected and replaced with a different power supply 570. Thedischarged battery can be placed in a recharging dock (e.g. a tool 60described hereabove in reference to FIG. 1 configured as a power supply570 recharging assembly). Swappable power supplies 570 can be beneficialfor patients, such as by avoiding a recharge protocol which requiresspending time by a recharge unit and/or carrying a recharge unit withthem.

In some embodiments, a flexible cable, such as a flexible coaxial cableof thin diameter (for comfort of a patient), can be used to connect oneor more antennas 540 to external transmitter 530. Alternatively oradditionally, one or more flexible or semi-rigid cables can be used forlow frequency control or DC connections, such as between a swappableand/or position-adjustable power supply 570, external transmitter 530,and/or one or more external controllers 550.

Two implantable device 200s, or two discrete components of a singleimplantable device 200 (e.g. two components comprising or positioned indifferent housings), can be attached to each other by a connectingfilament as defined hereabove. A connecting filament can comprise auser-attachable connector on one or both ends. The filament connector isconfigured to operably attach to a mating connector on a component (e.g.a housing) of an implantable device 200. For example, as shown in FIG. 2, filament 242 n comprises filament connector 243 which is configured toallow a user to operably attach antenna 240 n to housing 210 n viaconnector 203 a. Alternatively or additionally, lead 265 n can compriseconnector 268 which is configured to allow a user to operably attachlead 265 to housing 210 n via a second connector 203 b, also as shown inFIG. 2 . Similarly, two external devices 500, or two discrete componentsof a single external device 500 (e.g. two components comprising orpositioned in different housings), can be attached to each other by aconnecting filament.

Each implantable device 200 can comprise a connector 203, such asconnectors 203 a, 203 b, 203 c and/or 203 d shown in FIG. 2 and attachedto housing 210 n of implantable device 200 n. Connectors 203 a and 203 bare described hereabove. Connectors 203 c and/or 203 d can be includedfor operable attachment (e.g. electrical attachment, optical attachment,fluid attachment and/or mechanical attachment) to one or more leads 265(e.g. when an implantable device 200 comprises multiple leads 265),implantable antennas 240 (e.g. when an implantable device 200 comprisesmultiple antennas 240 positioned outside of housing 210), and/or othercomponent of implantable system 20. In some embodiments, connectors 203c and/or 203 d attach to a mating connector of a lead 265 (e.g. similarto connector 268 of lead 265 n), such as to electrically, optically,fluidly and/or mechanically connect with one or more functional elements260 of lead 265, such as one or more functional elements 260 comprisingone or more of: an electrode, an optical element (e.g. a lens or prism),a drug delivery element (e.g. a needle, exit port or catheter), amagnetic energy delivery element and/or a mechanical transducer.

Referring now to FIGS. 3A, 3B and 3C, an anatomical schematic of a humanspine, a sectional anatomical view of a lead being inserted into theepidural space of a spine, and a sectional anatomical view of a leadinserted into the epidural space of a spine, respectively, areillustrated, consistent with the present inventive concepts. A lead 265can be inserted into the epidural space via a tool 60 (e.g. a needle, anintroducer, or other lead delivery tool). Lead 265 comprises one or morefunctional elements 260 (e.g. one or more electrodes, sensors, drugdelivery elements, energy delivery elements). In some embodiments, lead265, one or more functional elements 260 and/or tool 60 can be ofsimilar construction and arrangement to the similar components describedhereabove in reference to FIG. 1 or 2 .

Lead 265 can be positioned within the epidural space of the spine. Insome embodiments, lead 265 is positioned within the intrathecal space.In other embodiments, lead 265 is positioned outside of the dura in theepidural space, but proximate the spine. One or more leads 265 can bepositioned in one or more of these implanted locations such that one ormore functional elements 260 can deliver energy to nerves, muscles orother tissue of the spine and/or sense electrical or other physiologicparameters present in tissue of the spine.

In some embodiments, lead 265 is implanted at a location (e.g. withinthe epidural space) such that one or more functional elements 260 (e.g.electrodes) can deliver stimulation energy in the area of one or morevertebrae between T9 and T12 (e.g. to treat back pain). In someembodiments, lead 265 is implanted at a location (e.g. within theepidural space) such that one or more functional elements 260 candeliver stimulation energy in the area of one or more vertebrae betweenL5 and T5 (e.g. to stimulate peripheral nerves). In some embodiments,lead 265 is implanted at a location (e.g. between fascia and fat layersof tissue) such that one or more functional elements 260 can deliverstimulation energy to stimulate peripheral nerves. In some embodiments,lead 265 is implanted at a location (e.g. within the epidural space)such that one or more functional elements 260 can deliver stimulationenergy in the area of one or more vertebrae between C5 and T1 or betweenC3 and T5 (e.g. to treat upper limb pain). In some embodiments, lead 265is implanted at a location (e.g. within the epidural space) such thatone or more functional elements 260 can deliver stimulation energy inthe area of one or more vertebrae between T9 and T1 1 or between T5 anL5 (e.g. to treat lower limb pain). In some embodiments, lead 265 isimplanted at a location (e.g. within the epidural space) such that oneor more functional elements 260 can deliver stimulation energy in thearea of one or more vertebrae between C7 and T1 or between C5 and T5(e.g. to treat angina).

An imaging device (e.g. a fluoroscope or ultrasound imaging device) canbe used to visualize the pedicles of the vertebral bodies at an intendedimplantation site. During this visualization, an optimized level formidline epidural entry can be determined. This site is typically in thedorsal midline at the level that the spinal cord becomes the conusmedullaris, where lumbosacral nerve roots disperse laterally to form thecauda equina, such as at the level above or below L1. Anterior-posterior(AP) imaging (e.g. fluoroscopic imaging) of the working site can befirst optimized by aligning the image so that the spinous processesbisect the pedicles. Subsequently, the imaging device (e.g. a C-arm) canbe adjusted in a cephalad or caudal direction to “square-off” thevertebral end plates. The skin entry point can be paramedian, such as 2levels below the desired midline epidural entrance, adjacent the medialborder of the ipsilateral pedicle. A shallow angle of entry canfacilitate lead advancement. For dual lead 265 placement, pedicles canbe marked for 2 consecutive levels or on the contralateral side.Following application of an agent such as 1% lidocaine (e.g. withoutepinephrine or preservative), skin and subcutaneous analgesia isachieved. Subsequently, an epidural access needle can be used toidentify the epidural space, such as by using a loss of resistancesyringe or a hanging drop technique. The cervical epidural space extendsfrom the dura of the foramen magnum to the inferior border of C7. Thethoracic epidural space begins at C7 and extends to the upper margin ofthe L1 vertebrae. The lumbosacral epidural space extends from the uppermargin of the L1 vertebra. The size of epidural space, as measured bythe distance between the ligamentum flavum and the dura, varies withlocation in the spinal column. The largest distance is typically at L2,where it can measure up to 5 mm-6 mm. However, in the thoracic spine,the distance is typically reduced to approximately 3 mm-4 mm, and at C7the distance is typically only 1.5 mm-2 mm. In approximately 40% ofpatients, the anatomic (vertebral) and physiologic (spinal cord)midlines may differ by as much as 2 mm at all spinal cord levels. Forthese reasons, a first lead 265 can be tested as a suitable site forproviding paresthesia, such as before a second lead 265 is placed. Tocover a desired dermatomal area with paresthesia, electrodes (e.g.functional elements 260) can be placed over the dorsal columns ofseveral segments cephalad to that level. In some embodiments, lead 265is placed slightly offset from the midline between C2 and C4, such as todeliver stimulation to alleviate or at least reduce shoulder pain. Whencoverage that encompasses the entire upper extremity is desirable, leads265 can be placed offset from the physiologic midline between C3 and C4.For stimulation of the more medial forearm and hand, leads 265 can beplaced more in a more inferior location. Placing two leads 265, eachslightly offset from the physiologic midline, to the right and leftbetween C4 and C6, can provide bilateral upper extremity stimulation.Lateral imaging (e.g. fluoroscopy) allows the operator to positionand/or document lead 265 placement in the dorsal epidural space.Stimulation of the back and both lower extremities is often intendedfollowing failed lumbar surgery for treatment of lower torso andextremity neuropathic pain. Most patients can achieve stimulationcoverage when the leads 265 are placed in the midline between T8 and T9.A single midline lead 265 can be implanted for treatment of lower backpain; however, multiple leads 265 can alternatively be implanted (e.g.such that paresthesia coverage can be achieved such as via reprogrammingthat can be performed in cases when lead 265 migration occurs). Placingtwo leads 265 slightly offset from the physiologic midline to the rightand left between T8 and T10 can provide for both lower back and lowerextremity stimulation. Coverage of midline low back pain with currentsteering systems can be achieved with leads 265 that are less than 4 mmapart, such that delivered current can be directed to the midline toobtain low back stimulation. Often unilateral lower extremitystimulation can be produced by lead 265 placement slightly offset fromthe midline between T9 and T1 1. Distal lower extremity stimulation(e.g. the foot) can be achieved with leads 265 placed as low as T12 andL1, usually 1-4 mm offset from the midline. Retrograde lead 265placement is sometimes necessary to achieve foot or pelvic stimulation.Numerous, often more complex techniques that require retrograde lead 265placement for lumbosacral nerve root stimulation are sometimes performedwhen attempting pain coverage for rectal, perineal, or coccygeal pain.

After implantation of a lead 265, the implantable device 200 can beattached to the lead 265 (e.g. if it includes a connector as describedherein), and lead 265 can be sutured to tissue. Prior to suturing oranchoring implantable device 200, a test device, such as trialinginterface 80 described hereabove, can be placed outside the body toevaluate the quality of the link to one or more implantable antennas240. Trialing interface 80 can include basic power transfer andtelemetry in a simple form factor that is suitable for an operating roomenvironment. Once the link has been confirmed to be acceptable, theimplantable device 200 can be sutured or anchored in place.

Referring now to FIG. 4 , an anatomical view of a medical apparatuscomprising an external device and two implantable devices, eachimplantable device including a lead implanted along a portion of aspine, is illustrated, consistent with the present inventive concepts.Apparatus 10 of FIG. 4 comprises an external system comprising externaldevice 500 and an internal system comprising two implantable devices 200a and 200 b. Each implantable device 200 comprises a lead 265, which isattached to a housing 210. Each lead 265 comprises multiple functionalelements 260 (e.g. eight functional elements 260 on each lead as shown).Each functional element 260 can comprise a transducer (e.g. an electrodeconfigured to deliver electrical energy or other energy deliveryelement) and/or a sensor (e.g. an electrode configured to recordelectrical activity of tissue or other sensor). The two leads 265 havebeen inserted into the epidural space or other location proximate thespine, such as has been described hereabove in reference to FIG. 1, 2 ,or 3. Leads 265 have been positioned at similar but opposite lateraloffsets from the center of the spine, with the sets of functionalelements 260 relatively aligned along the length of the spine (i.e.vertically aligned with respect to the page). In alternativeembodiments, functional elements 260 a are implanted in a staggeredorientation with respect to functional elements 265 b, such as isdescribed herebelow in reference to FIG. 6 . Apparatus 10, externaldevice 500, external antenna 540, implantable devices 200 a and 200 b,housings 210 a and 210 b, implantable antennas 240 a and 240 b, leads265 a and 265 b and/or functional elements 260 a and 260 b can be ofsimilar construction and arrangement to the similar components describedhereabove in reference to FIG. 1 or 2 .

Housings 210 a and/or 210 b (singly or collectively housing 210) cansurround one or more components, such as implantable antenna 240 asshown. Alternatively or additionally, one or more implantable antennas240 can be positioned outside of a housing 210, such as when animplantable antenna 240 is operatively connected to a housing 210 via aconnecting filament as described herein (e.g. connecting filament 242 adescribed hereabove in reference to FIG. 2 ). In the embodiment of FIG.4 , a single external device 500 (e.g. comprising one or more externalantennas, such as external antenna 540 described herein) is positionedproximate the patient's skin to transmit power and/or data toimplantable device 100 a (e.g. via its implantable antenna 240) andimplantable device 100 b (e.g. via its implantable antenna 240).External device 500 can be positioned at a skin location close to (e.g.directly over) an implantable antenna 240 or at a skin locationproximate a geometric center of multiple implantable antennas 240 (e.g.to transmit power and/or data to multiple antennas 240 simultaneously orsequentially). In other embodiments, external device 500 comprises afirst external device 500 a which transmits power and/or data toimplantable device 200 a and a second external device 500 b whichtransmits power and/or data to implantable device 200 b (e.g. asdescribed hereabove in reference to FIG. 2 ). During use (e.g. duringstimulation, recording or other operation requiring transmission ofpower and/or data), each external antennas 540 can be maintained inproximity to the patient's skin (e.g. at a location proximate one ormore associated implantable devices 200) via adhesive or a mechanicalattachment device, such as patient attachment device 70 describedhereabove in reference to FIG. 1 .

In some embodiments, one or more housings 210 and/or leads 265 comprisean anchor element, such as anchor element 221 shown projecting fromhousing 210 b or anchor element 221 shown projecting from lead 265 b.Anchor element 221 can be configured to receive a suture, such as tosecure housing 210 and/or lead 265 to a fascia layer and/or othertissue. Anchor element 221 can comprise a penetrable portion (e.g. anelastomeric portion) and/or it can include a ring or other openstructure, each configured to allow a suture, clip, staple or othertissue securing element to pass therethrough.

Referring now to FIG. 5 , an anatomical view of a medical apparatuscomprising an external device and two operatively connected implantabledevices, each implantable device including a lead implanted along aportion of a spine, is illustrated, consistent with the presentinventive concepts. Apparatus 10 of FIG. 5 comprises similar componentsto apparatus 10 of FIG. 4 , with the addition of connecting filament 202which operatively connects implantable device 200 a and implantabledevice 200 b. Connecting filament 202 can comprise one or more wires,optical fibers or other connecting filaments as defined herein, In someembodiments, connecting filament 202 comprises a connector (e.g.connector 212 as described hereabove in reference to FIG. 2 ) on eitheror both ends, and housings 210 a and/or 210 b comprise a matingconnector (e.g. connector 205 as described hereabove in reference toFIG. 2 ), such that a user can attach lead 265 a and/or lead 265 b tohousing 210 a and/or 210 b, respectively. Leads 265 a and 265 b havebeen implanted in a similar fashion to the leads 265 a and 265 b of FIG.4 , with the sets of functional elements 260ha and 265 b verticallyaligned as displayed on the page. Connecting filament 202 mechanicallyconnects to housing 210 a of implantable device 200 a and to housing 210b of implantable device 200 b. Connecting filament 202 can comprise oneor more connecting filaments as described herein. Connecting filament202 can comprise a flexible filament or can contain flexible and/orrotating portions.

Implantable devices 200 a and 200 b and flexible filament 202 can beconfigured to include an electrical signal connection (e.g. commonsignal path) between implantable devices 200 a and 200 b (e.g. betweenelectronic circuitry of each), such as to cause current to flow from oneor more electrode-based functional elements 260 a and one or morefunctional elements 260 b (e.g. by applying an electrostatic potentialbetween an electrode-based functional element 260 a and anelectrode-based functional element 260 b). Current flow between one ormore functional elements 260 a of lead 265 a and one or more functionalelements 260 b of lead 265 b can be enabled by an electrical connectionbetween implantable device 200 a and implantable device 200 b thatprovided by one or more conductors of filament 202. This configurationof current flow between two leads 265 can stimulate different tissuethat would be stimulated by delivering current between two or morefunctional elements 260 of a single lead 265. This configuration ofcurrent flow between two leads 265 can be arranged to “steer” current intissue.

Alternatively or additionally, implantable devices 200 a and 200 b andflexible filament 202 can be configured to allow: transfer of fluids;transfer of mechanical energy (e.g. via a linkage) or other energytransfer; transfer of light signals or light energy; and combinations ofone or more of these, between implantable device 200 a and implantabledevice 200 b. In some embodiments, apparatus 10 comprises three or moreimplantable devices 200, and one or more connecting filaments 202operatively connect the three or more implantable devices 200.

During use, external device 500 can be positioned (e.g. one or moreexternal antennas 540 of external device 500) on the patient's skin inclose proximity to one or more implantable antennas 240, such as isdescribed hereabove in reference to FIG. 2 or 4 . Alternatively,multiple external antennas 540 (of one or more external devices 500) caneach be positioned proximate one or more implantable antennas 240, suchas is also described hereabove in reference to FIG. 2 or 4 .

In some embodiments, housing 210 a and housing 210 b comprise a singlehousing surrounding the components described hereabove as positionedcollectively within housing 210 a and 210 b and/or other components ofan implantable system 20, such as a single housing 210 that isattachable and/or attached to both lead 265 a and lead 265 b. Housing210 a and/or housing 210 b can be physically (e.g. via a connectingfilament as described herein) and/or wirelessly connected to anotherimplanted component, such as to transfer power and/or data to thatimplanted component.

Referring now to FIG. 6 , an anatomical view of a medical apparatuscomprising an external device and two implantable devices, eachimplantable device including a lead implanted in a staggered arrangementalong a portion of a spine, is illustrated, consistent with the presentinventive concepts. Apparatus 10 of FIG. 6 comprises similar componentsto apparatus 10 of FIG. 4 . In some embodiments, apparatus 10 of FIG. 6further includes connecting filament 202, which operatively connectsimplantable device 200 a and implantable device 200 b as describedhereabove in reference to FIG. 5 . Leads 265 a and 265 b have beenimplanted such that functional elements 260 a and 260 b are verticallyoffset as displayed on the page. In an alternative embodiment, lead 265a and lead 265 b have functional elements 260 positioned at differentlocations (e.g. at different axial locations along the length of eachlead 265) such that each lead 265 can be positioned at the same relativevertical position of the spine and the sets of functional elements 260will be at different vertical positions. This configuration of staggeredfunctional elements 260 can be arranged to stimulate additional and/ordifferent tissue than would be stimulated in a non-staggeredconfiguration.

In some embodiments, housings 210 a and 210 b comprise a single housing210 which attaches to each of leads 265 a and 265 b.

Referring now to FIG. 7 , an anatomical view of a medical apparatuscomprising an external device and two implantable devices, eachimplantable device including a lead implanted to stimulate dorsal rootganglia, is illustrated, consistent with the present inventive concepts.Apparatus 10 of FIG. 7 comprises similar components to apparatus 10 ofFIG. 4 . In some embodiments, apparatus 10 of FIG. 7 further includesconnecting filament 202, which operatively connects implantable device200 a and implantable device 200 b as described hereabove in referenceto FIG. 5 . Leads 265 a and 265 b have been implanted such thatfunctional elements 260 a and 260 b are positioned to stimulate dorsalroot ganglia (DRG) of the spine (e.g. at a greater lateral offset fromthe center of the spine than the positioning illustrated in FIGS. 4, 5and 6 such that functional elements 260 are in closer proximity todorsal root ganglion). In some embodiments, lead 265 is implanted inrelative proximity to the DRG and outside of the epidural space. In someembodiments, lead 265 comprises multiple functional elements 260 (e.g.multiple electrodes) configured to stimulate (e.g. electricallystimulate) multiple dorsal root ganglia, simultaneously or sequentially.Functional elements 260 a and 260 b can be vertically aligned (asdescribed hereabove in reference to FIG. 4 or 5 ) and/or they can bevertically offset (as described hereabove in reference to FIG. 6 ).Apparatus 10 can comprise additional (i.e. three or more), implantabledevices 200 and/or additional leads 265 (e.g. when one or moreimplantable devices 200 includes multiple leads 265 as describedherebelow), such as to simplify placement, to improve simulation of DRGor other tissue and/or to reduce adverse effects that might be causeddue to leads 265 migration.

In some embodiments, housings 210 a and 210 b comprise a single housing210 which attaches to each of leads 265 a and 265 b.

Referring now to FIG. 8 , an anatomical view of a medical apparatuscomprising an external device and two implantable devices, eachimplantable device including a lead comprising advanceable functionalelements is illustrated, consistent with the present inventive concepts.Apparatus 10 of FIG. 8 comprises similar components to apparatus 10 of

FIG. 4 . In some embodiments, apparatus 10 of FIG. 8 further includesconnecting filament 202, which operatively connects implantable device200 a and implantable device 200 b as described hereabove in referenceto FIG. 5 . Leads 265 a and 265 b have been implanted at a locationmedial to dorsal root ganglia (i.e. towards the center of the spine).Leads 265 can comprise functional elements 260 that are configured to beadvanced (e.g. laterally advanced), from the associated lead 265. Insome embodiments, a lead 265 comprises one or more advanceablefunctional elements 260 and one or more functional elements 260 that arein a fixed position relative to lead 265 (i.e. non-advanceable).

In some embodiments, each lead 265 comprises one or more lumens 266,such as one or more lumens 266a and 266b shown. Each lumen 266 can beconstructed and arranged to allow one or more functional elements toslidingly translate within the lumen 266, and to exit (i.e. laterallydeploy from) an opening in the outer surface of lead 265 incommunication with the lumen 266. In these embodiments, each functionalelement 260 (e.g. an electrode) can be attached to and/or otherwiseadvanced via a mechanical linkage, fluid drive, magnetic drive and/orother driving means that is accessible via or otherwise controlled bylead 265 and/or housing 210 (e.g. via a port attached to housing 210and/or lead 265 that is in communication with one or more lumens 266. Insome embodiments, a lead 265 comprises a single lumen 266 and multiplefunctional elements 260 are sequentially advanced out of differentopenings of lead 265 using one or more steering or other advancementtechniques (e.g. a technique in which a first functional element 260 isadvanced out of a most distal opening of lead 265, and a secondfunctional element 260 is advanced out of a second most distal opening,and so on). In an alternative embodiment, lead 265 comprises multiplelumens 266, each in communication with a single opening of lead 265, andeach including a linkage or other mechanism configured to individuallyadvance an associated functional element 260 out of lead 265, such as toposition one or more functional elements 260 at a location offset fromlead 265 (e.g. a location not directly available for lead 265implantation).

In some embodiments, leads 265 are implanted and functional elements 260are advanced, such that the functional elements 260 are positioned tostimulate dorsal root ganglia (DRG) of the spine. Alternatively oradditionally, a lead 265 can be implanted and one or more functionalelements 260 can be advanced toward any nerve, muscle or other tissue(e.g. as described herein), such as when positioning of lead 265 closerto a target stimulation site is difficult or otherwise undesirable.After advancement, functional elements 260 a and 260 b can be verticallyaligned (as described hereabove in reference to FIG. 4 or 5 ) and/orthey can be vertically offset (as described hereabove in reference toFIG. 6 ). Apparatus 10 can comprise additional (i.e. three or more),implantable devices 200 and/or additional leads 265 (e.g. when one ormore implantable devices 200 includes multiple leads 265 as describedherebelow), such as to simplify placement, to improve simulation of DRGor other tissue and/or to reduce adverse effects that might be causeddue to lead 265 and/or functional element 260 migration.

In some embodiments, housings 210 a and 210 b comprise a single housing210 which attaches to each of leads 265 a and 265 b. Leads 265 a and/or265 b can be placed in the epidural space (e.g. on either side over thedorsal columns), and the functional elements 260 advanced towards theDRG (e.g. and optionally anchored in place). In some embodiments, leads265 a and/or 265 b comprise multiple functional elements 260 (e.g.electrodes), such that multiple dorsal root ganglia can be stimulated(e.g. simultaneously or sequentially).

Referring now to FIG. 9 , an anatomical view of a medical apparatuscomprising an external device and two implantable devices, eachimplantable device including a lead implanted to stimulate muscle tissueof the spine, is illustrated, consistent with the present inventiveconcepts. Apparatus 10 of FIG. 9 comprises similar components toapparatus 10 of FIG. 4 . In some embodiments, apparatus 10 of FIG. 9further includes connecting filament 202, which operatively connectsimplantable device 200 a and implantable device 200 b as describedhereabove in reference to FIG. 5 . Leads 265 a and 265 b have beenimplanted such that functional elements 260 a and 260 b are positionedto stimulate muscle tissue of the spine, such as multifidus muscletissue of the spine, such as to improve spinal stability. In someembodiments, one or more functional elements 260 are positioned tostimulate tissue selected from the group consisting of: multifidustissue; transverse abdominus tissue; quadratus lumborum tissue; psoasmajor tissue; internus abdominus tissue; obliquus externus abdominustissue; erector spinae tissue; and combinations of one or more of these.

Functional elements 260 a and 260 b can be vertically aligned (asdescribed hereabove in reference to FIG. 4 or 5 ) and/or they can bevertically offset (as described hereabove in reference to FIG. 6 ).Apparatus 10 can comprise additional (i.e. three or more), implantabledevices 200 and/or additional leads 265 (e.g. when one or moreimplantable devices 200 includes multiple leads 265 as describedherebelow), such as to simplify placement, to improve simulation of DRGor other tissue and/or to reduce adverse effects that might be causeddue to lead 265 migration.

In some embodiments, housings 210 a and 210 b comprise a single housing210 which attaches to each of leads 265 a and 265 b.

Referring now to FIG. 10 , an anatomical schematic of a human pelvis andan anatomical view of a medical apparatus for treating pelvic pain andcomprising an external device and an implantable device is illustrated,consistent with the present inventive concepts. Apparatus 10 of FIG. 10comprises similar components to apparatus 10 of FIG. 4 , with theexception of a single implantable device 200. In some embodiments,apparatus 10 comprises two or more implantable devices 200, such as tostimulate multiple stimulation sites and/or to communicate with one ormore external devices 500 to be positioned at various skin locations, asis described in detail herein. Lead 265 has been implanted such thatfunctional elements 260 are positioned to stimulate tissue to treatpelvic pain, such as one or more functional elements 260 (e.g.electrodes) positioned to stimulate sacral nerve tissue.

In some embodiments, lead 265 and housing 210 of implantable device 200is constructed and arranged (e.g. of sufficiently small size) to beimplanted while avoiding tunneling through bone. An imaging device (e.g.a portable c-arm fluoroscope) can be used to identify the midline of thespine and level of the S3 foramen. The skin can be marked and the areainfiltrated with local anesthetic. Under fluoroscopic or other imagingguidance, Foramen needles can then be inserted into the S3 foramen oneach side at approximately a 60° angle relative to the skin. A lateralimage can be used to confirm the location and depth in the foramen. Theneedles can receive stimulation energy to confirm appropriatepositioning. If the needles are in the correct position duringstimulation, there will be bellows contraction of the pelvic floor dueto contraction of the levator muscles and plantar flexion of the greattoe. The patient, if awake, will be able to confirm correct positioningby noticing contraction and/or tingling of the pelvic floor muscles. Ifthe needles are in the S2 foramen, plantar flexion of the whole footwith lateral rotation will occur with the stimulation. If the needlesare in the S4 foramen, there will be no lower extremity movement despitebellows response. Once correct positioning of the needles has beenconfirmed, a lead 265 can be advanced through each of the foramenneedles, and the needles subsequently removed carefully to preventdislodgement of the leads 265. Implantable device 200 can be configuredto be implanted outside of bone, at a location in the lower back of thepatient or directly over the sacrum.

In some embodiments, one or more leads 265 can be positioned tostimulate (e.g. electrically stimulate) sacral nerves, such as to treatoveractive bladder syndrome, incontinence, fecal incontinence,interstitial cystitis and/or pelvic disorders. One or more leads 265 canalso be placed such that the sacral roots are stimulated within theforamen, rather than anterior to the sacrum. To facilitate stimulationwithin the foramen, apparatus 10 can be configured to deliver very shortstimulus pulse-widths (e.g. 5 or 10 microsecond). One or more leads 265can include tines, barbs and/or other fixation means to aid in theanchoring within the foramen. The leads 265 can be left implanted in thepatient provided they have a successful (e.g. safe and efficacious)trial.

Referring now to FIG. 11 , an anatomical view of a medical apparatus forstimulating peripheral nerves and comprising an external device and animplantable device is illustrated, consistent with the present inventiveconcepts. Apparatus 10 of FIG. 11 comprises similar components toapparatus 10 of FIG. 4 , with the exception of a single implantabledevice 200. In some embodiments, apparatus 10 comprises two or moreimplantable devices 200, such as to stimulate multiple stimulation sitesand/or to communicate with one or more external devices 500 to bepositioned at various skin locations, as is described in detail herein.Lead 265 has been implanted such that functional elements 260 arepositioned to stimulate one or more peripheral nerves. In someembodiments, functional elements 260 are positioned to stimulate tibialnerve tissue. In some embodiments, functional elements 260 arepositioned such that stimulation energy treats one or more of: backpain, diabetic neuropathy; angina; incontinence, overactive bladder;fecal incontinence; and combinations of one or more of these. In someembodiments, functional elements 260 are positioned such thatstimulation energy improves physical therapy, such as when functionalelements 260 are positioned to stimulate a peripheral nerve at leastduring a physical therapy treatment. In these embodiments, apparatus 10can be configured such that one or more functional elements 260 deliverstimulation energy only during a physical therapy treatment.

In some embodiments, housing 210 and/or lead 265 comprise an anchorelement 221, such as has been described hereabove, such as to anchorhousing 210 and/or lead 265 to deep fascial tissue. Anchor element 221can be configured to be anchored to tissue with suture, clips or staplesas described hereabove. In some embodiments, one of housing 210 or lead265 is anchored via anchor element 221, and the other of housing 210 orlead 265 is unanchored (i.e. allowed to move in tissue).

Referring now to FIG. 12 , an anatomical view of a medical apparatuscomprising multiple external devices and multiple implantable devices,each implantable device including a lead implanted as part of apre-determined lead pattern, is illustrated, consistent with the presentinventive concepts. Apparatus 10 of FIG. 12 comprises similar componentsto apparatus 10 of FIG. 4 , and includes two external devices 500 a and500 b, each including an external antenna 540 which can comprise one ormore antennas as described herein. In some embodiments, apparatus 10 ofFIG. 12 further includes one or more connecting filaments 202 (twoshown), each of which configured to operatively connect two implantabledevices 200, such as is described hereabove in reference to FIG. 5 .Implantable devices 200 a and 200 b have been connected via a connectingfilament 202 and leads 265 a and 265 b have been implanted such that anyof functional elements 260 a and/or 260 b can transmit current betweeneach other (i.e. between two functional elements 260 a, between twofunctional elements 260 b and/or between a functional element 260 a anda functional element 260 b). Similarly, implantable devices 200 c and200 d have been connected via a connecting filament 202 and leads 265 cand 265 d have been implanted such that any of functional elements 260 cand/or 260 d can transmit current between each other. Each of functionalelements 260 a, 260 b, 260 c and 260 d can be configured to stimulatetissue, such as tissue of the spine, such as nerve, muscle and othertissue in and/or proximate the spine. Leads 265 a-d and their associatedfunctional elements 260 a-d can be arranged in one or morepre-determined patterns, such as the diamond pattern shown in FIG. 12 .Numerous patterns of functional elements 260 can be accomplished, suchas when apparatus 10 comprises one or more leads 265, connected to oneor more implantable devices 200. While the leads 265 are shown in arelatively linear placement, curvilinear placements can be accomplishedas well, such as a curvilinear trajectory of one or more leads 265 intwo or three dimensions.

In some embodiments, leads 265 a and 265 b include mating connectors(e.g. at their distal ends) configured to allow operative connection(e.g. electrical connection) of leads 265 a to 265 b prior to, during orafter implantation of leads 265 a and 265 b. Similarly, leads 265 c and265 d can be configured for connection to each other, such as to allowcurrent to pass between any of the functional elements 260 on any of theleads 265.

In some embodiments, housings 210 a and 210 b comprise a single housing210 which attaches to each of leads 265 a and 265 b.

Referring now to FIG. 13 , an anatomical view of a medical apparatuscomprising a single external device and multiple implantable devices,each implantable device including a lead implanted as part of apre-determined lead pattern, is illustrated, consistent with the presentinventive concepts. Apparatus 10 of FIG. 13 comprises similar componentsto apparatus 10 of FIG. 4 , and includes multiple implantable devices200 (four shown), each comprising a lead 265 comprising one or morefunctional elements 260 (e.g. the eight electrodes shown on each lead265). In some embodiments, apparatus 10 of FIG. 12 further includes oneor more connecting filaments 202 (none shown), each of which can beconfigured to operatively connect two or more implantable devices 200,such as is described hereabove in reference to FIG. 5 . Connection oftwo or more implantable devices 200 can allow transmission of currentbetween one or more functional elements 260 on a first lead 265 to oneor more functional elements 260 on one or more different leads 265 (inaddition to current that can flow between functional elements 260 on thesame lead 265). Each of functional elements 260 can be configured tostimulate tissue, such as tissue of the spine, such as nerve, muscle andother tissue in and/or proximate the spine. Leads 265 and theirassociated functional elements 260 can be arranged in one or morepre-determined patterns, such as the “X” pattern shown in FIG. 13 .Numerous patterns of functional elements 260 can be accomplished, suchas when apparatus 10 comprises one or more leads 265, connected to oneor more implantable devices 200. While the leads 265 are shown in arelatively linear placement, curvilinear placements can be accomplishedas well, such as a curvilinear trajectory of one or more leads 265 intwo or three dimensions.

In some embodiments, housings 210 a and 210 b comprise a single housing210 which attaches to each of leads 265 a and 265 b.

FIGS. 14-19D illustrate various configurations of implantable devices200 of the present inventive concept. In some embodiments, animplantable device 200 of FIGS. 14-20 is of similar construction andarrangement to implantable device 200 of FIG. 1 or 2 . Alternatively oradditionally, an implantable device 200 of FIGS. 14-19D is of similarconstruction and arrangement to one or more of the implantable devicesdescribed in applicant's co-pending U.S. Provisional Patent ApplicationSer. No. 62/112,858, titled “Medical Apparatus including an ImplantableSystem and an External System”, filed Feb. 6, 2015, the content of whichis incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Each implantabledevice 200 comprises at least one housing 210 which surrounds one ormore power and/or or data handling components, stimulation components,drug delivery components and/or sensing components as described herein.Housing 210 can surround one or more components described hereabove inreference to FIG. 1 or 2 , such as: energy storage assembly 270,controller 250, reservoir 225 and/or receiver 230. In some embodiments,housing 210 surrounds an implantable antenna 240 comprising one or moreimplantable antennas 240 (e.g. two orthogonal antennas). Alternativelyor additionally, an implantable antenna 240 is attached to housing 210via a connecting filament, such as connecting filament 242 describedherein. In some embodiments, two or more implantable antennas 240 areconnected (e.g. electrically connected) to housing 210 via acorresponding two or more connecting filaments 242. Housing 210 can beoperatively connected (e.g. electrically, fluidly, optically ormechanically connected) to one or more leads 265, and each lead 265 cancomprise one or more functional elements 260 (e.g. electrodes configuredto deliver electrical energy; electrodes configured to sense electricalactivity; light delivery elements, drug or other agent deliveryelements; ultrasound delivery elements; energy delivery elements;sensors; and combinations of one or more of these). Housing 210 cancomprise one or more portions and/or one or more materials that aretransmissive to radiofrequency transmissions, such as at least a portionof housing 210 that comprises glass and/or ceramic. Housing 210 cancomprise a covering, such as an atraumatic covering which includes atleast a portion transmissive to radiofrequency signals, such as covering218 described herebelow in reference to FIG. 15 . Housing 210, lead 265and/or another component of implantable device 200 can comprise one ormore anchor elements 221, such as is described hereabove in reference toFIG. 1 .

Referring now to FIGS. 14A and 14B, an exploded view and an assembledview of an implantable device comprising an implantable housingsurrounding multiple antennas and various electrical components isillustrated, consistent with the present inventive concepts. Implantabledevice 200 of FIGS. 14A-B comprises a three piece housing 210 comprisinghousing portions 210 a, 210 b and 210 c as shown, which can be attached(e.g. sealed) to each other during assembly of each implantable device200. Attachment of one housing 210 portion to another housing 210portion can be performed using epoxy or another adhesive. Alternativelyor additionally, attachment of one housing 210 portion to anotherhousing 210 portion can be performed using a bonding method (e.g.solvent bonding and/or ultrasonically-activated agent bonding), welding(e.g. laser welding or ultrasonic welding) and/or mechanical fixation(e.g. swaging). Implantable device 200 comprises substrate 211 (e.g. afoldable printed circuit board or other foldable substrate), onto whichcomponents 216 are operably attached (e.g. soldered or crimped), andimplantable antenna 240 comprising one or more antennas such as antennas240 a and 240 b shown. Components 216 can comprise an ASIC, such as anASIC wire-bonded and/or flip-chip bonded to substrate 211. Substrate211, components 216 and antennas 240 a and 240 b are constructed andarranged to fit within housings 210 a-c when assembled.

In some embodiments, one or more functional elements (not shown but suchas functional elements 260 described herein) are positioned on housing210 (e.g. and electrically connected to one or more components 216). Insome embodiments, housing 210 comprises a connector for attachment to alead 265. Alternatively or additionally, implantable device 200 furthercomprises feedthroughs 213, for attachment to lead 265 or othercomponent external to an assembled housing 210. Feedthroughs 213 cancomprise a high-density array of feedthroughs or other feedthrough arrayconfigured to allow wires to pass through housing 210 and/or to allowwires inside of housing 210 to be electrically connected to wiresoutside of housing 210 (e.g. connections made at each feedthrough offeedthroughs 213). In some embodiments, feedthroughs 213 are configuredto attach (e.g. electrically attach) a lead (e.g. lead 265 comprisingone or more functional elements 260) to substrate 211 and/or components216.

In some embodiments, feedthroughs 213 are positioned away from antenna240 (e.g. proximate substrate 211 and/or components 216 as shown), suchas to avoid destructive interference with coupling of the power and/ordata link transmitted between external system 50 and antenna 240.Feedthroughs 213 can be positioned in any of housings 210 a (as shown),210 b and/or 210 c.

In some embodiments, one or more conductors (e.g. conductive pads orposts) of feedthroughs 213 are electrically connected to one or morewires electrically connected to components 216 and/or functionalelements 260, the electrical connection created by one or more of:soldering; crimping; wire bonding; welding such as laser welding orultrasonic welding; tab bonding; applying a conductive adhesive such asa conductive epoxy; tab welding (e.g. welding a folded flap with matingmetal pads); and combinations of one or more of these. In someembodiments, one or more electrical connections are made at or viafeedthroughs 213, such as via a wire (e.g. a platinum wire) that iscrimped to a conductive ribbon (e.g. a fold ribbon). The ribbon can bewelded to one or more feedthroughs (e.g. a post) of feedthroughs 213.

In some embodiments, housing 210 comprises a two-piece housing (e.g.constructed of two discrete housing portions), such as when housings 210a and 210 b comprise a single housing, or housings 210 b and 210 ccomprise a single housing. Housing 210 can comprise one or morematerials, such as glass, ceramic and/or a plastic (e.g. urethane). Insome embodiments, housing 210 comprises a metal such as titanium, suchas when one or more housing 210 portions are brazed together and antenna240 is positioned outside of housing 210.

In some embodiments, housing 210 comprises a major axis less than orequal to 50 mm, such as a major axis less than or equal to 25 mm, 20 mm,15 mm, 12 mm or 10 mm. In some embodiments, housing 210 comprises aminor axis less than or equal to 20 mm, such as a minor axis less thanor equal to 10 mm, 8 mm, 6 mm or 5 mm. Housing 210 can comprise a wallthickness between 0.2 mm and 2.0 mm, such as a wall thickness between0.2 mm and 0.5 mm, 0.2 mm and 1.0 mm,0.5 mm and 1.5 mm, or approximately1.3 mm or 0.3 mm. Implantable device 200 further comprises antennas 240,such as the two antennas 240 a and 240 b shown positioned on relativelyorthogonal planes of a portion of substrate 211 (e.g. a foldable portionof substrate 211). Implantable device 200 further comprises components216, which have been positioned on substrate 211, such as when substrate211 comprises a printed circuit board (e.g. a flexible printed circuitboard) comprising one or more electrical traces electrically connectingone or more components 216 and/or one or more of antennas 240.Components 216 can be configured to function as one or more assembliesof implantable device 200, such as receiver 230, controller 250,functional element 260 and/or energy storage assembly 270 as describedhereabove in reference to FIG. 1 . In some embodiments, implantabledevice 200 further comprises a lead comprising one or more functionalelements 260 (e.g. one or more electrodes or other sensors and/ortransducers as described herein), not shown but such as lead 265described hereabove in reference to FIG. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 10 which passesthrough housing 210 and operably connects (e.g. electrically, fluidly,optically and/or mechanically) to one or more of components 216.Alternatively or additionally, one or more functional elements 260 canbe positioned in, on and/or within housing 210 (e.g. obviating the needfor a lead such as lead 265).

In some embodiments, one or more components of components 216 arepositioned on a surface of a housing 210, such as an inner surface ofhousing 210. For example, components 216 can comprise one or morepassive electrical components (e.g. a capacitor). One or more components216 (e.g. one or more capacitors or other passive components) can beattached to an interior or exterior surface of a housing 210. In someembodiments, antenna 240 can comprise an antenna electrically patternedon the surface of housing 210 (e.g. an inner or outer surface comprisingglass) and electrically connected to components 216. For example,antenna 240 comprising two orthogonal antennas can be patterned on twoorthogonal surfaces of one or more housings 210. Antenna 240 comprisingone or more patterned antennas can include meandering lines, such as tocontrol the effective electrical length of the antennas 240. Antenna 240can comprise one or more patterned antennas configured as a loopantenna, electric dipole antenna and/or patch antenna. In someembodiments, antenna 240 comprises one or more insulated wires (e.g.braided wires) that can be attached (e.g. adhesively attached) to asurface of a housing 210 (e.g. connected to an outer surface andelectrically connected to components 216 via feedthroughs 211).

In some embodiments, components 216 comprise a desiccant or othermoisture-absorbing material, such as to absorb small amounts of fluidthat are present within and/or enter into the area within a sealedhousing 210 (e.g. prior to and/or after implantation).

In some embodiments, housing 210 b (e.g. a glass or ceramic housing) isattached (e.g. bonded, welded and/or adhesively attached as describedhereabove) to housing 210 a (e.g. a glass or ceramic housing).Subsequently, substrate 211 and components 216 can be positioned withinthe fixedly attached assembly (e.g. after folding of substrate 211). Inembodiments where feedthroughs 213 are included, wires can be passedthrough the feedthroughs and/or electrical attachment to thefeedthroughs (e.g. attachment of one or more wires of a lead 265) can beperformed (as described hereabove). Subsequently, housing 210 c (e.g. aglass or ceramic housing) can be attached (e.g. bonded, welded and/oradhesively attached) to the housing 210 b portion of the assembly.

In a first manufacturing method, substrate 211 (e.g. in a folded state)is attached (e.g. electrically attached) to feedthroughs 213, such aswhen housing 210 a is already attached to housing 210 b or prior toattachment of housing 210 a to housing 210 b. After attachment ofsubstrate 211 to feedthroughs 213 and attachment of housing 210 a tohousing 210 b, housing 210 b can be attached to housing 210 c (e.g. withall components 216 and optionally antenna 240 positioned within theassembled housing 210). Alternatively, substrate 211 (e.g. in a foldedstate) can be attached (e.g. electrically attached) to feedthroughs 213of housing 210 a. Housing 210 b can be attached to housing 210 c, andsubsequently housing 210 b can be attached to housing 210 a (e.g. withall components 216 and optionally antenna 240 positioned within theassembled housing 210).

In a second manufacturing method, a pattern for pass-thru holes offeedthroughs 213 is made in housing 210 a. A pattern of attachment padscan be positioned at each of the pass-thru hole locations. Housing 210 acan be attached (e.g. welded) to housing 210 b. A conductive epoxy canbe deposited to attach the feedthroughs 213 either inside the package tosubstrate 211 or outside to the interconnects of lead 265. An assemblycomprising substrate 211, one or more components 216 and optionallyantenna 240 can be positioned within housing 210 b (which is attached tohousing 210 a). A curing process can subsequently be performed. A fillmaterial can be applied, such as to fill any gaps present between and/orwithin components, such as to enhance distribution of mechanical force,provide a seal and/or otherwise improve the construction of eachimplantable device 200. An additional curing process can subsequently beperformed. Housing 210 c can then be attached to housing 210 b. Lead 265can be operably attached (e.g. electrically attached) to feedthroughs213. A covering can be applied to surround at least housing 210, such asa covering 218 as described herein (e.g. applied in an overmolding ordipping process).

In some embodiments, one or more locations within housing 210 are filledwith potting material (e.g. low density and/or low expansion coefficientRF-transparent epoxy), such as to provide a stabilizing force to and/orbetween antenna 240, substrate 211 and/or components 216. In someembodiments, a forming fixture is used to place and stabilize antenna240 during assembly of implantable device 200.

In some embodiments, housing 210 is surrounded by a covering (e.g.covering 218 described herein), such as via a dipping or overmoldingprocess, such as a covering applied after assembly of all housing 210portions and connection of a lead 265 to feedthroughs 213.

FIG. 14C illustrates a perspective view of the implantable device 200 ofFIGS. 14A and 14B is illustrated, further comprising a lead 265,consistent with the present inventive concepts. Lead 265 comprises oneor more functional elements 260, such as functional elements 260 a-dshown. Functional elements 260 a-d can comprise one or more sensorsand/or transducers (e.g. electrodes) such as are described hereabove.One or more wires, tubes, optical fibers or other filaments of lead 265pass through housing 210 at feedthroughs 213 (e.g. via a sealedpassageway) and/or operably attaches (e.g. electrically attaches) tofeedthroughs 213, such as to operably connect (e.g. electricallyconnect) lead 265 to one or more components within housing 210 (e.g.components 216 and/or antenna 240).

Referring now to FIG. 15 , a perspective view of an implantable devicecomprising a housing, from which extend a lead and an antenna, isillustrated, consistent with the present inventive concepts. Implantabledevice 200 comprises housing 210, which can be of similar constructionand arrangement (e.g. surround similar components) as housing 210 ofFIG. 14 . Extending from a first end of housing 210 is filament 242,which contains antenna 240. Extending from the other end of housing 210is lead 265, which can comprise one or more functional elements 260 (notshown but such as two to sixteen electrodes). In some embodiments, lead265 comprises a connecting filament which attaches to a second housing210, such as a second housing 210 surrounding similar or dissimilarcomponents to the first housing 210. Lead 265 and/or filament 242 can bepositioned at different locations of housing 210, such as when one orboth extend from a side of housing 210.

In some embodiments, antenna 240 comprises a dipole antenna. In someembodiments, antenna 240 comprises a meander dipole antenna and/or areactively loaded dipole antenna. Antenna 240 can comprise a length thatis longer than a major axis of housing 210 (i.e. antenna 240 would notfit within housing 210 in a linear condition). Antenna can be positionedoutside of housing 210 to physically separate the antenna 240 from anyconductive materials inside or within the housing 210. In someembodiments, antenna 240 comprises a dipole antenna with a length of atleast 2mm. such as a dipole antenna with a length between 5 mm and 50mm, such as a length between 10 mm and 30 mm or between 15 mm and 30 mm.In some embodiments, at least a portion of antenna 240 extends intohousing 210. In some embodiments, one or more additional antennas 240 ispositioned within housing 210 and/or within a second filament 242. Insome embodiments, antenna 240 comprises a dipole antenna and anassociated external device (e.g. external device 500 described herein)provides external antenna polarization to improve transmission couplingbetween the external device and the dipole antenna-based antenna 240(e.g. to compensate for the transmission alignment requirements of adipole antenna and/or to compensate for the lack of an orthogonal dipoleantenna prevented by space constraints).

Implantable device 200 of FIG. 15 can comprise an atraumatic or otherimplantable covering, such as covering 218 shown surrounding housing210. Covering 218 can comprise a flexible material (e.g. silicone, athermoplastic elastomer or other elastomer) positioned around all or aportion of housing 210. Covering 218 can be applied in an over-moldingprocess, a dipping process, and the like. Covering 218 can comprise amaterial or at least a portion that is transmissive to radiofrequencytransmissions, such as an elastomeric material or portion free ofconductive materials.

In some embodiments, lead 265 or filament 242 comprising a user (e.g.clinician) attachable component, such as is shown in FIG. 15 for lead265 in which lead 265 comprises connector 268 which can be operatively(e.g. electrically) connected to connector 203 (e.g. during animplantation procedure for implantable device 200). Connector 203attaches to conduits 204 (e.g. wires) which operatively attach tohousing 210 via feedthroughs 213.

Referring now to FIG. 16 , a perspective view of an implantable devicecomprising a housing, from which extends a bifurcated lead, isillustrated, consistent with the present inventive concepts. Implantabledevice 200 comprises housing 210, which can be of similar constructionand arrangement (e.g. surround similar components) as housing 210 ofFIG. 14 . Implantable device 200 can comprise covering 218 thatsurrounds at least a portion of housing 210 and/or one or more othercomponents of implantable device 200, such as covering 218 describedhereabove in reference to FIG. 15 . Positioned within housing 210 isimplantable antenna 240, comprising one or more antennas (e.g. twoorthogonal antennas). Lead 265 can comprise a user-attachable lead, suchas when lead 265 comprises connector 268 which is operably connectable(e.g. electrically connectable) to connector 203, which in turn operablyconnects to housing 210 via conduits 204 and feedthroughs 213 (as shownand described hereabove in reference to FIG. 15 ).

Extending from one end of housing 210 is lead 265, which comprisesbifurcated leads 265 a and 265 b. Each of leads 265 a and 265 b cancomprise one or more functional elements 260 (not shown, but such as twoto sixteen electrodes). Bifurcation of lead 265 into leads 265 a and 265b allows implantation of each lead 265 (each including one or morefunctional elements 260) in different trajectories, each extending fromhousing 210. Lead 265 can be attachable at different locations ofhousing 210, such as when connector 203 extends from a side of housing210.

In some embodiments, leads 265 a and 265 b each comprise a connectorizedend, such as to individually connect to connector 203 (e.g. whenconnector 203 comprises a single-connection connector or dual-connectionconnector), or to connect to a separate joining connector that connectsto each of leads 265 a and 265 b on a first end, and to connector 203 ona second end.

Referring now to FIG. 17 , a perspective view of an implantable devicecomprising a housing including two connectors is illustrated, consistentwith the present inventive concepts. Implantable device 200 compriseshousing 210, which can be of similar construction and arrangement (e.g.surround similar components) as housing 210 of FIG. 14 . Implantabledevice 200 can comprise covering 218 that surrounds at least a portionof housing 210 and/or one or more other components of implantable device200, such as covering 218 described hereabove in reference to FIG. 15 .

Implantable device 200 can comprise connector 205 a and/or 205 b (singlyor collectively connector 205). Each connector 205 operatively connectsto housing 210 (e.g. electrically, optically, fluidly and/ormechanically connects to one or more components within housing 210), viaconduits 204 and feedthroughs 213. In some embodiments, a connector 205is configured to allow a user (e.g. during an implantation procedure) tooperably attach housing 210 to a lead 265 comprising one or morefunctional elements 260 as described herein. Alternatively oradditionally, a connector 205 can be configured to allow a user tooperably attach housing 210 to an implantable antenna 240 such as via aconnecting filament 202, also as described herein. In some embodiments,a single connector 205 comprises a “universal” connector configured toallow a user to attach to either a lead 265 or an implantable antenna240, such as when connector 205 comprises differentiating connectionpoints and/or circuitry of housing 210 automatically detects the type ofcomponent attached to the connector 205, such as is described inapplicant's co-pending U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No.62/077,181, titled “Method and Apparatus for Implantable NeuromodulationSystems”, filed Nov. 8, 2014; the content of which is incorporatedherein by reference in its entirety.

Referring now to FIG. 18 , a perspective view of an implantable devicecomprising two housings connected by a connecting filament isillustrated, consistent with the present inventive concepts. Implantabledevice 200 comprises housings 210 a and 210 b, each of which can be ofsimilar construction and arrangement (e.g. surround similar components)as housing 210 of FIG. 14 . Implantable device 200 can comprisecoverings 218 a and/or 218 b that surround at least a portion ofhousings 210 a and/or 210 b, respectively, such as covering 218described hereabove in reference to FIG. 15 .

Housing 210 a is operatively connecting to housing 210 b via connectingfilament 206 (e.g. a connecting filament as defined herein), such thatelectrical power or signals; optical signals or energy; fluidic agents,hydraulic fluids or pneumatic fluids; or mechanical energy or motion;can be transferred between housing 210 a and 210 b. Filament 206 cancomprise rigid filament, a flexible filament or it can comprise one ormore flexible portions. Filament 206 can comprise a length between 1 cmand 30 cm, such as a length between 2 cm and 15 cm. Implantable system200 of FIG. 18 allows current to be steered from one or more functionalelements 260 (e.g. electrodes) of a first lead 265 a (not shown)connected to connector 205 a to one or more functional elements 260 of asecond lead 265 b (not shown) connected to connector 205 b, as describedhereabove in reference to FIG. 5 or 6 . Current can be controllablysteered (controllably direct current) between any electrodes ofcorresponding leads 264 (or within a single lead 265). Components withinhousings 210 a and 210 b can share power received from external system50 (not shown). For example, if components within housing 210 a receiveless power than components within housing 210 b receive and/or if thecomponents within housing 210 a simply need more power, a transfer ofpower can be performed (e.g. via connecting filament 206). Components ofa first housing 210 a can communicate with components of second housing210 b via connecting filament 206, such as to create a communicationinterface that can be used as a low-wire count and/or low power datalink interface, such as SPI, JTAG, I2C, and/or another similarcommunication interface. While the embodiment of implantable device 200of FIG. 18 shows two housings “daisy-chained” together, three or morehousings 210 can be connected, such as to increase the number ofstimulation sites (e.g. stimulation electrodes), to increase availablepower and/or to decrease each housing 210 volume by distributedcomponents among them.

Implantable device 200 can comprise connector 205 a operatively attachedto housing 210 a, and/or connector 205 b operative attached to housing210 b. Connectors 205 a and/or 205 b (singly or collectively connector205), can be of similar construction and arrangement to connectors 205described hereabove in reference to FIG. 17 , such as to allow userattachment to a lead 265 and/or an implantable antenna 240. Eachconnector 205 is operatively connected to a housing 210 (e.g.electrically, optically, fluidly and/or mechanically connected to one ormore components within housing 210), via conduits 204 and feedthroughs213 as shown.

In some embodiments, one or both ends of connecting filament 206comprises a connector configured to attach to housing 210 a and/or 210b, such as when either or both housings 210 include an additionalconnector similar to connectors 205 a and/or 205 b.

Referring now to FIGS. 19A-D, a set of configurations for implantabledevices comprising a housing including an extending flap is illustrated,consistent with the present inventive concepts. Each of the embodimentsof FIGS. 19A-D includes an implantable device 200 comprising a housing210. Housing 210 can be of similar construction and arrangement (e.g.surround similar components) as housing 210 of FIG. 14 . Implantabledevice 200 can comprise a covering surrounding housing 210, such ascovering 218 described hereabove in reference to FIG. 15 . Housing 210can be operatively attached to one or more leads 265 and/or one or moreimplantable antennas 240 (e.g. via a connecting filament 242).Alternatively or additionally, housing 210 can include a connector, suchas connectors 203 or 205 described hereabove.

Implantable device 200 can comprise one or more flanges 207. Each flange207 can be flexible, rigid or include flexible portions. Flange 207 canbe constructed and arranged to be folded, such as to allow minimallyinvasive implantation of housing 210 (e.g. through a needle or smalldiameter introducer). In some embodiments, flange 207 is configured asor includes an anchor element, such as anchor element 221 describedhereabove. In these embodiments, flange 207 can comprise an openingand/or a portion configured to be penetrated by a needle, suture, clipand/or staple, such as to anchor housing 210 to tissue during animplantation procedure (e.g. to prevent migration of one or moreportions of implantable device 200). Alternatively or additionally, insome embodiments flange 207 comprises one or more components ofimplantable device 200, such as: an implantable antenna 240; aconductive sheet, conductive surface and/or other conductive element;capacitor (e.g. a supercapacitor) or other energy storage element,and/or other components.

In FIG. 19A, a perspective view of an implantable device 200 isillustrated, consistent with the present inventive concepts. Housing 210comprises two flanges 207 that extend from housing 210. Either or bothflanges 207 can be configured as or otherwise include anchor element221. Extending from housing 210 is lead 265, which can be a pre-attachedor connectable lead 265 as described hereabove.

In FIG. 19B, an end view of an implantable device 200 is illustrated,consistent with the present inventive concepts. Housing 210 comprisestwo flanges 207 that have been folded around a tubular shaped housing210 such as to allow for minimally invasive implantation of implantabledevice 200.

In FIG. 19C, a perspective view of an implantable device 200 isillustrated, consistent with the present inventive concepts. Housing 210comprises two projecting flaps 207. Housing 210 has been secured totissue (tissue not shown), via suture that passes through flaps 207.

In FIG. 19D, a perspective view of an implantable device 200 isillustrated, consistent with the present inventive concepts. Housing 210comprises two projecting flaps 207. Positioned within one or more flaps207 is element 208. In some embodiments, element 208 is configured as animplantable antenna 240 of the present inventive concepts. In someembodiments, element 208 comprises a conductive sheet, conductivesurface and/or other conductive element. In some embodiments, element208 comprises a capacitor or other energy storage element. In someembodiments, element 208 comprises an electrical conductor or othercomponent configured to improve coupling with an external device (e.g.improve transmission of power and/or data from an external device 500 orimprove transmission of data to an external device 500). In theseembodiments, element 208 can be configured as a “passive relay”configured to provide passive amplification of signals (e.g. signalsreceived and/or transmitted by an implantable antenna within housing210). Element 208 can comprise a conductor that is not connected to anycomponent (e.g. not electrically or physically connected to anycomponent within housing 210), yet is configured to electromagneticallycouple to implantable antenna 240. Alternatively or additionally,element 208 can be configured as an antenna that is not physicallyconnected (e.g. via a connecting filament 242) to one or more antennas240 within housing 210 (e.g. configured as a passive antenna gainelement such as a reflector, resonator, and/or relay coil). Some of theadvantages of a passively coupled antenna is that it is electricallyisolated from electronics inside the housing 210; it increases theeffective coupling to one or more external antennas 540 withoutnecessarily requiring a larger antenna 240 within housing 210; and itfunctionally increase the effective size of implantable antenna 240inside housing 210 without increasing its physical dimensions. Element208 can comprise a conductive material such as a gold-coated wire.Element 208 can comprise a visualizable material, such as a radiopaqueand/or ultrasonically reflective material. Element 208 can be positionedin, on and/or within flange 207 (as shown), or in, on and/or withinanother covering or extension of housing 210 (e.g. covering 218described herein). Element 208 can be constructed and arranged toprovide rigidity (e.g. after deployment of flange 207), such as tostabilize implantable device 200 within tissue and/or to preventunfolding of flange 207.

Flanges 207 can be attached to housing 210 and/or to a coveringsurrounding at least a portion of housing 210, such as covering 218described herein. Flanges 207 and/or covering 218 can be attached tohousing t210 during an implantation procedure.

Referring now to FIG. 20 , an anatomical view of a medical apparatuscomprising an external device and an implantable device, the implantabledevice configured to perform magnetic stimulation of tissue and/or togenerate magnetic fields that induce the application of mechanicalenergy to tissue, is illustrated, consistent with the present inventiveconcepts. Apparatus 10 of FIG. 20 can comprise similar components toapparatus 10 of FIGS. 1 or FIG. 2 , such as one or more implantabledevices 200, each comprising housing 210, implantable antenna 240 andlead 265, and one or more external devices 500, each comprising housing510 and external antenna 540. Implantable device 200 is implanted andexternal device 500 is positioned proximate the patient's skin such thatpower and/or data can be transferred from external device 500 toimplanted device 200. Implantable device 200 comprises lead 265 whichincludes one or more multiple functional elements 260 (e.g. functionalelements 260 a, 260 b and 260 c shown in FIG. 20 ). Each functionalelement 260 is configured to at least deliver magnetic stimulation totissue, such as tissue of and/or proximate to the spine as shown by thefunctional element 260 implantation location of FIG. 20 . In someembodiments, one or more functional elements 260 are implanted inrelative proximity to the DRG, to one or more peripheral nerves, and/orto other tissue. Functional elements 260 a, 260 b and/or 260 c can bevertically aligned (as described hereabove in reference to FIG. 4 or 5 )and/or they can be vertically offset (as described hereabove inreference to FIG. 6 ). Apparatus 10 can comprise additional (i.e. two ormore), implantable devices 200 and/or additional leads 265 (e.g. whenone or more implantable devices 200 includes multiple leads 265 asdescribed hereabove), such as to simplify placement, to improvesimulation of DRG, peripheral nerves and/or other tissue and/or toreduce adverse effects that might be caused due to leads 265 migration.In some embodiments, a first lead 265 is positioned as shown in FIG. 20, and a second lead 265 is positioned on the other side of the spine(e.g. a second lead 265 attached to the same implantable device 200and/or a second implantable device 200).

Functional elements 260 of FIG. 20 can be configured to provide magneticstimulation to tissue to treat pain. Implantable device 200 can beconfigured to provide single pulses of stimulation, pairs of stimuliseparated by variable intervals (in same or different tissue areas),and/or as trains of repetitive stimuli at various frequencies. Singlestimuli can depolarize neurons and evoke measurable effects. Trains ofstimuli can modify excitability of the cerebral cortex at the stimulatedsite and also at remote areas along functional anatomical connections.In some embodiments, functional elements 260 a, 260 b and/or 260 ccomprise an array of multiple electrodes, such as is described herebelowin reference to FIG. 20A. In some embodiments, functional elements 260a, 260 b and/or 260 c comprise one or more microcoils, such as isdescribed herebelow in reference to FIG. 20B. In some embodiments,functional elements 260 a, 260 b and/or 260 c comprise one or moremagnetic field generating elements configured to at least partiallysurround a cylindrical volume of tissue (e.g. to at least partiallysurround DRG tissue), such as is described herebelow in reference toFIGS. 20C, 20D or 20E. For example, one or more functional elements 260can comprise a cuff electrode or other curved electrode assemblyconfigured to at least partially surround target tissue, such as DRGtissue, and to avoid stimulation to non-target tissue positioned outsideof the radius of curvature of the functional element 260. In someembodiments, one or more functional elements 260 are configured bemanipulated (e.g. shaped by a clinician) to at least partially surroundtarget tissue to be stimulated.

In some embodiments, one or more functional elements 260 are configuredto allow steering of delivered current and/or steering of a generatedmagnetic field. In some embodiments, one or more functional elements 260comprise a tissue “grabbing” (e.g. anchoring) feature. In someembodiments, one or more functional elements 260 or other component ofapparatus 10 are of similar construction and arrangement (e.g. similarlyconfigured to anchor in tissue and/or to provide steering of deliveredelectrical and/or magnetic energy) as one or more components describedin applicant's co-pending U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No.62/015,392, titled “Method and Apparatus for Neuromodulation Treatmentsof Pain and Other Conditions”, filed Jun. 21, 2014; the content of whichis incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

Referring now to FIG. 20A, a perspective view of a functional elementcomprising an array of electrodes is illustrated, consistent with thepresent inventive concepts. Functional element 260′ of FIG. 20A can beconfigured to deliver electrical and/or magnetic stimulation to tissue(e.g. nerve tissue). Implantable systems 200 incorporating one or morefunctional elements 260′ of FIG. 20A can be configured to utilize fieldsteering and/or current steering to stimulate target tissue (e.g. DRGtissue) without affecting non-target tissue (e.g. ventral root tissue),such as to reduce the amount of precision required in the placement oflead 265 and/or its functional elements 260.

Referring now to FIG. 20B, a side view of a functional elementcomprising a coil is illustrated, consistent with the present inventiveconcepts. Functional element 260″ can be configured to deliver magneticstimulation to tissue (e.g. nerve tissue). Functional element 260″ ofFIG. 20B can comprise one or more coils (e.g. one or more micro-coils).Functional element 260″ can comprise laminar spiral micro-coil.Functional element 260″ can comprise one or more coils electroplatedonto a substrate (e.g. platinum-iridium alloy, gold and/or platinumdeposited onto glass or silicon). Functional element 260″ can comprise acoil that is no more than 500 μm long by 500 μm wide. Functional element260″ can comprise a coil that is no more than 100 μm thick. Functionalelement 260″ can comprise a coil with conductors that are approximately10 μm to 20 μm wide and/or are spaced apart at a distance ofapproximately 10 μm to 20 μm.

Referring now to FIG. 20C, a side view of a functional elementcomprising a solenoid coil is illustrated, consistent with the presentinventive concepts. Functional element 260′″ comprises a solenoid coilconfigured to deliver a constant and/or varying magnetic field to targettissue. In some embodiments, functional element 260′″ is configured toallow a clinician to wrap functional element 260′″ around target tissue.

Referring now to FIG. 20D, a side view of a functional elementcomprising a toroid coil is illustrated, consistent with the presentinventive concepts. Functional element 260″″ comprises a toroid coilconfigured to deliver a constant and/or varying magnetic field to targettissue. In some embodiments, functional element 260″″ is configured toallow a clinician to wrap functional element 260″″ around target tissue(e.g. functional element 260″″ is configured to be opened and/or closedto surround target tissue).

Referring now to FIG. 20E, a side view of a functional elementcomprising a broken toroid coil is illustrated, consistent with thepresent inventive concepts. Functional element 260′″″ comprises a brokentoroid coil configured to deliver a constant and/or varying magneticfield to target tissue. In some embodiments, functional element 260″″ isconfigured to be positioned around target tissue, without having tomanipulate the geometry of functional element 260′″″ (e.g. not having toopen or close its geometry).

Referring now to FIG. 21 , a schematic view of an apparatus comprisingan external device, an implantable device and a tool for implanting theimplantable device is illustrated, consistent with the present inventiveconcepts. Apparatus 10 can comprise an apparatus configured to deliverstimulation energy to tissue, and comprises at least one implantabledevice 200 and at least one external device 500. Apparatus 10,implantable device 200 and/or external device 500 can comprise one ormore devices or components of similar construction and arrangement tothose described hereabove in reference to FIG. 1 or 2 . Implantabledevice 200 comprises housing 210, lead 265 and at least one functionalelement 260 (e.g. the eight shown positioned on a distal portion of lead265 in FIG. 21 ). In some embodiments, functional element 260 comprisesbetween 1 and 24 electrodes. Implantable device 200 can be constructedand arranged to be implanted beneath the skin of the patient using tool60. Tool 60 comprises a penetrating element 61 configured to penetratethe patient's tissue. Tool 60 further comprises a cannula 62, such as apeel-apart cannula constructed and arranged to surround (e.g. at leastpartially circumferentially surround) an elongate member (e.g. lead 265)and to subsequently be peeled apart to facilitate removal from theelongate member. Penetrating element 61 and cannula 62 can each comprisea lumen from their proximal end to their distal end. Tool 60 can furthercomprise a stiffening element 64. Tool 60 can further comprise a stylet67, such as a stylet constructed and arranged to be positioned withinlead 265 during its advancement through tissue. Cannula 62 is configuredto slidingly receive (e.g. via an internal lumen) penetrating element 61and stiffening element 64 (e.g. sequentially). Penetrating element 61can also be constructed and arranged to slidingly receive (e.g. via aninternal lumen) stiffening element 64. Any component of tool 60 (e.g.penetrating element 61, cannula 62, stiffening element 64 and/or stylet67) can comprise one or more markers, such as marker 66 shown positionedon stiffening element 64. Marker 66 or another marker of tool 60 cancomprise a marker selected from the group consisting of: radiopaquemarker; ultrasonically reflective marker; magnetic marker; andcombinations thereof.

Penetrating element 61 can comprise a Tuohy needle, an epidural needleor other needle. Penetrating element 61 can comprise a material selectedfrom the group consisting of: stainless steel; titanium; metal; plastic;and combinations of one or more of these. Penetrating element 61 cancomprise a needle with a diameter between 10 and 20 gauge. Penetratingelement 61 can comprise a shaft with a length between 1″ and 8″. Cannula62 can comprise a material such as nylon, Teflon or other rigid plasticmaterial. Cannula 62 can comprise a tapered, beveled and/or chamfereddistal end. Cannula 62 can comprise a diameter between 10 and 20 gauge.Cannula 62 can comprise a tear-away portion 63, such as a reducedthickness and/or perforated axial segment along the full length ofcannula 62. In some embodiments, tear-away portion 63 comprises twoaxial segments on either side of cannula 62 (e.g. approximately 180°apart). Stiffening element 64 can comprise a metal or plastic material,and can comprise a guidewire (e.g. wound coil) construction. Stiffeningelement 64 can comprise at least a malleable portion configured to allowan operator (e.g. an implanting clinician) to create and/or adjust adesired trajectory for implantation (e.g. advancement through tissue) oflead 265 of implantable device 200. Stiffening element 64 may have radioopaque markers at the distal tip that correspond to the locations of thecontacts (260) contained on the device (265).

Referring now to FIGS. 22A-D, a series of steps of implanting theimplantable device 200 of FIG. 21 are illustrated, consistent with thepresent inventive concepts. The implantation method described in FIGS.22A-D are shown with the patient tissue removed for illustrativeclarity. In FIG. 22A, penetrating element 61 has been inserted intocannula 62. Cannula 62 and penetrating element 61 are thenpercutaneously inserted through the patient's skin, such as to alocation relatively proximate to patient tissue to be treated (e.g.stimulated) and/or diagnosed. In some embodiments, penetrating element61 and cannula 62 are inserted such that in subsequent steps, one ormore functional elements 260 of implantable device 200 are implantedproximate nerve tissue. In some embodiments, penetrating element 61 andcannula 62 are inserted such that in subsequent steps, one or morefunctional elements 260 of implantable device 200 are implanted within ablood vessel (e.g. to transvascularly stimulate nerve tissue). In someembodiments, penetrating element 61 and cannula 62 are inserted into theepidural space of a patient. In some embodiments, an implantingclinician inserts penetrating element 61 and cannula 62 by using one ormore anatomical landmarks, such as spinal level T9 during an epiduralinsertion.

In FIG. 22B, stiffening element 64 has been inserted into penetratingelement 61, such that the distal portion of stiffening element 64advanced beyond the distal end of penetrating element 61 and cannula 62.In some embodiments, the distal portion of stiffening element 64 ispositioned in the epidural space. In some embodiments, stiffeningelement 64 is not used, such as when lead 265 of implantable system 200is positioned in one or more blood vessels (e.g. to performtransvascular stimulation) or other easy-to-navigate locations.

In FIG. 22C, penetrating element 61 has been removed, leaving stiffeningelement 64 to reside within a lumen of cannula 62.

In FIG. 22D, stiffening element 64 has been removed, and lead 265 ofimplantable device 200 has been inserted into cannula 62 such that itsdistal portion (including one or more electrodes or other functionalelements 260) is positioned proximate one or more nerves or other tissueto be stimulated. In some embodiments, functional elements 260 arepositioned at one or more desired spinal levels.

In some embodiments, the configuration shown in FIG. 22D is used totitrate, confirm, modify or otherwise assess the placement of functionalelements 260, such as when external device 200 and/or a trialinginterface, such as trialing interface 80 described hereabove inreference to FIG. 1 ) transmits power and/or data to the implantabledevice 200. During transmission of the power and/or data to implantabledevice 200, one or more functional elements 260 are activated (e.g.deliver stimulation energy to tissue and/or record a physiologicparameter of the tissue), and proper placement of functional elements260 is confirmed and/or modified (e.g. the patient confirms a sufficientand/or non-excessive amount of stimulation energy is being delivered,and/or a sufficient amount of pain relief is being achieved). Onceproper placement is confirmed, cannula 62 is removed as describedherebelow in reference to FIG. 22E.

In FIG. 22E, cannula 62 is being laterally separated (e.g. by theimplanting clinician) at tear-away portion 63, such that cannula 62 canbe removed from about implantable device 200. Subsequently, housing 210can be implanted under the patient's skin, such as in a subcutaneouspocket formed with blunt dissection (e.g. via the implanting clinician'sfinger). Housing 210 can be affixed to tissue, as described hereabove.All incisions can be closed using standard techniques, and percutaneousentry sites may be compressed and/or covered.

Referring now to FIGS. 23A-E, a series of steps of implanting animplantable lead 265 are illustrated (including sets of perspective andend sectional views), consistent with the present inventive concepts.Lead 265 comprises one or more functional elements 260 (e.g. one or moreelectrodes) configured to deliver energy to tissue such as nerve tissue.Lead 265 can be a component of a stimulation apparatus, such asapparatus 10 described herein comprising at least one implantable device200 and at least one external device 500. Apparatus 10, implantabledevice 200 and/or external device 500 can comprise one or more devicesor components of similar construction and arrangement to those describedhereabove in reference to FIG. 1 or 2 . An implantable housing 210 (asshown in FIG. 23C, 23D and 23E) can be positioned on the proximal end oflead 265. Alternatively, housing 210 can be operatively attached to lead265 (e.g. after lead 265 is implanted in the patient).

Lead 265 can be constructed and arranged to be implanted beneath theskin of the patient using tool 60. Tool 60 comprises a penetratingelement 61 configured to penetrate the patient's tissue. Tool 60 furthercomprises a cannula, comprising inner cannula 62 a and an outer cannula62 b (collectively cannula 62), which can also be configured topenetrate the patient's tissue. Inner cannula 62 a and outer cannula 62b each comprise an elongate structure with a partial circumferential(e.g. less than 360°) cross sectional profile, each comprising an “openportion” along their length. Outer cannula 62 b comprises a largerradius of curvature than inner cannula 62, and inner cannula 62 a isshown slidingly positioned within outer cannula 62 b. Inner cannula 62 aand outer cannula 62 b are rotatable relative to each other. Cannula 62comprises a lumen from its proximal end to their distal end. Tool 60 canfurther comprise a stylet 67, such as a stylet constructed and arrangedto be positioned within lead 265 during its advancement through tissue(e.g. styled 67 shown in FIGS. 23C, 23D and 23E). Cannula 62 isconfigured to slidingly receive (e.g. via an internal lumen) penetratingelement 61. Any component of tool 60 (e.g. penetrating element 61,cannula 62, and/or stylet 67) can comprise one or more markers, such asmarker 66 shown positioned on stiffening element 64 of FIG. 21 describedhereabove.

The implantation method described in FIGS. 23A-E are shown with thepatient tissue removed for illustrative clarity. In FIG. 23A,penetrating element 61 has been inserted into cannula 62. Inner cannula62 a and outer cannula 62 b are rotationally oriented such that the openportion of inner cannula 62 a is oriented toward a closed portion (i.e.not the open portion) of outer cannula 62 b, collectively creating aclosed tubular structure surrounding penetrating element 61. Cannula 62and penetrating element 61 are then percutaneously inserted through thepatient's skin, such as to a location relatively proximate to patienttissue to be treated (e.g. stimulated) and/or diagnosed. In someembodiments, penetrating element 61 and cannula 62 are inserted suchthat in subsequent steps, one or more functional elements 260 ofimplantable device 200 are implanted proximate nerve tissue. In someembodiments, penetrating element 61 and cannula 62 are inserted suchthat in subsequent steps, one or more functional elements 260 areimplanted within a blood vessel (e.g. to transvascularly stimulate nervetissue). In some embodiments, penetrating element 61 and cannula 62 areinserted into the epidural space of a patient. In some embodiments, animplanting clinician inserts penetrating element 61 and cannula 62 byusing one or more anatomical landmarks, such as spinal level T9 duringan epidural insertion.

In FIG. 23B, penetrating element 61 is being removed and is shown in apartially retracted state.

In FIG. 23C, penetrating element 61 has been removed, and lead 265 hasbeen inserted through cannula 62 and into the patient such thatfunctional elements 260 have extended beyond the distal end of cannula62 (e.g. functional elements 260 are positioned proximate one or morenerves or other tissue to be stimulated). Housing 210 is positionedproximate the proximal end of cannula 62. In certain embodiments, lead265 is advanced with stylet 67 in place.

In some embodiments, the configuration shown in FIG. 23C is used totitrate, confirm, modify or otherwise assess the placement of functionalelements 260, such as when external device 500 and/or a trialinginterface (e.g. trialing interface 80 described hereabove in referenceto FIG. 1 ) transmits power and/or data to the implantable device 200.During transmission of the power and/or data to implantable device 200,one or more functional elements 260 are activated (e.g. deliverstimulation energy to tissue and/or record a physiologic parameter ofthe tissue), and proper placement of functional elements 260 isconfirmed and/or modified (e.g. the patient confirms a sufficient and/ornon-excessive amount of stimulation energy is being delivered, and/or asufficient amount of pain relief is being achieved). Once properplacement is confirmed, cannula 62 is removed as described herebelow inreference to FIGS. 23D and 23E.

In FIG. 23D, inner cannula 62 a and outer cannula 62 b have been rotatedrelative to each other such that the open portion of inner cannula 62 ais aligned with the open portion of outer cannula 62 b as shown.

In FIG. 23E, lead 265 exits the aligned open portions of inner cannula62 a and outer cannula 62 b such that cannula 62 can be laterallyremoved (e.g. with housing 210 attached to the end of lead 265).Subsequently, housing 210 can be implanted under the patient's skin,such as in a subcutaneous pocket formed with blunt dissection (e.g. viathe implanting clinician's finger). Housing 210 can be affixed totissue, as described hereabove. All incisions can be closed usingstandard techniques, and percutaneous entry sites may be compressedand/or covered.

Referring now to FIG. 24 , an alternative embodiment of cannula 62 isshown, comprising cannula first portion 62 c and cannula second portion62 d. In this embodiment, cannula first portion 62 c and cannula secondportion 62 d each comprise the same radius of curvature, and comprisecomplementary segments of a full circle. Cannula first portion 62 c andcannula second portion 62 d mechanically engage (e.g. slidingly,frictionally, magnetically, adhesively or otherwise engage) such as toperform the implantation steps shown in FIGS. 23A through 23C hereabove.When used in the steps shown in FIG. 23D and 23E, cannula first portion62 c disengages from cannula second portion 62 d (similar to that shownin FIG. 23D) , such as to create an opening to allow lead 265 tolaterally be removed from the remaining portion of cannula 62 (as shownin FIG. 23E).

While the preferred embodiments of the devices and methods have beendescribed in reference to the environment in which they were developed,they are merely illustrative of the principles of the present inventiveconcepts. Modification or combinations of the above-describedassemblies, other embodiments, configurations, and methods for carryingout the invention, and variations of aspects of the invention that areobvious to those of skill in the art are intended to be within the scopeof the claims. In addition, where this application has listed the stepsof a method or procedure in a specific order, it may be possible, oreven expedient in certain circumstances, to change the order in whichsome steps are performed, and it is intended that the particular stepsof the method or procedure claim set forth herebelow not be construed asbeing order-specific unless such order specificity is expressly statedin the claim.

1. (canceled)
 2. A method of treating pain and stimulating tissue of apatient, the method comprising: producing a stimulation signal via animplantable system comprising one or more functional elements, whereinthe stimulation signal comprises one or more of a mix of a highfrequency signal and a low frequency signal and a modulation of the highfrequency signal and/or the low frequency signal, and delivering thestimulation signal to the patient via at least one of the one or morefunctional elements, wherein the high frequency signal has a frequencyof 1 kHz or higher and is configured to treat pain of the patient andthe low frequency signal has a frequency below 1 kHz and is configuredto stimulate motor nerve tissue of the patient.
 3. The method of claim2, wherein the implantable system comprises a controller configured tocontrol the one or more functional elements, and wherein the stimulationsignal is produced by the controller.
 4. The method of claim 3, whereinthe controller is configured to control a parameter of the stimulationsignal selected from the group consisting of: a voltage amplitude; acurrent amplitude; a frequency; a pulse width; an inter-pulse interval;an amplitude modulation parameter; a frequency modulation parameter; avoltage; a current; a pulse shape; a duty cycle frequency; a duty cyclepulse width; a polarity; a drive impedance; and combinations thereof. 5.The method of claim 3, wherein the controller is configured to control aparameter of the implantable system selected from the group consistingof: an anode configuration; a cathode configuration; an energy storagecapacity; and combinations thereof.
 6. The method of claim 2, whereinthe one or more functional elements comprise an array of electrodes. 7.The method of claim 6, further comprising utilizing one or more of fieldsteering and current steering via the array of electrodes to stimulatetarget tissue without affecting non-target tissue.
 8. The method ofclaim 2, further comprising delivering electrical energy at a frequencybelow 1 kHz via at least one of the one or more functional elementsduring a trialing procedure.
 9. The method of claim 2, furthercomprising implanting the one or more functional elements at leastpartially with an epidural space of the patient.
 10. The method of claim2, further comprising providing spinal cord stimulation to the patient.11. The method of claim 2, wherein the stimulation signal comprises aduty cycle of between about 0.1% and about 25%.
 12. The method of claim2, wherein the stimulation signal comprises a duty cycle of betweenabout 1% and about 10%.
 13. The method of claim 2, wherein themodulation of the high frequency signal and the low frequency signalcomprises a frequency component between about 1 kHz and about 20 kHz.14. The method of claim 2, wherein the low frequency signal comprisesone or more signals between about 1 Hz and about 1000 Hz, and whereinthe high frequency signal comprises one or more signals between about 1kHz and about 50 kHz.
 15. The method of claim 2, wherein the stimulationsignal comprises a train of high frequency signals and bursts of lowfrequency signals.
 16. The method of claim 2, wherein the high frequencysignal is modulated via one or more of frequency modulation, amplitudemodulation, phase modulation, and pulse width modulation.
 17. The methodof claim 2, wherein the stimulation signal comprises a train of lowfrequency signals and bursts of high frequency signals.
 18. The methodof claim 2, wherein the stimulation signal comprises a plurality of highfrequency signals modulated with a plurality of low frequency signals.19. The method of claim 2, wherein the stimulation signal comprises apseudo random binary sequence non-return to zero or return to zerowaveform.
 20. The method of claim 2, wherein the stimulation signalcomprises pulses comprising one or more of a fixed pulse duration and afixed frequency.
 21. The method of claim 2, wherein the stimulationsignal comprises pulses comprising one or more of a time-varying pulseduration and a time-varying frequency.
 22. The method of claim 2,wherein the stimulation signal comprises one or more waveforms selectedfrom the group consisting of: a square wave; a sine wave; a sawtooth; atriangle wave; a trapezoidal wave; a ramp; a waveform with exponentialincrease; a waveform with exponential decrease; a pulse shape whichminimizes power consumption; a Gaussian pulse shape; a pulse train; aroot-raised cosine; a bipolar pulse; and combinations thereof.
 23. Themethod of claim 22, wherein the stimulation signal comprises a pluralityof the one or more waveforms and wherein the stimulation signal cyclesamong the plurality of waveforms at one or more specified timeintervals.
 24. The method of claim 2, wherein the implantable systemcomprises an antenna positioned within a housing.
 25. The method ofclaim 2, wherein the implantable system comprises a housing comprising amajor axis less than or equal to about 20 mm in length.
 26. The methodof claim 2, wherein the implantable system comprises a housingcomprising a minor axis with a length less than or equal to about 8 mm.27. The method of claim 2, wherein the stimulation signal is produced inresponse to the implantable system receiving a transmission signal froman external system.
 28. The method of claim 27, wherein the transmissionsignal comprises one or more of power and data.
 29. The method of claim2, wherein the implantable system comprises a first device comprisingthe one or more functional elements and a second device comprising oneor more second functional elements.
 30. The method of claim 2, whereinthe implantable system further comprises an energy storage assemblyconfigured to provide power to the one or more functional elements.